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BIOLOGY - EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS > LUNG DISEASE > Flashcards

LUNG DISEASE Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main factors that increase risk of lung disease

A

1) smoking - 90% suffering from ld have smoked heavily
2) air pollution - particulates and gases
3) genetic makeup
4) infections - other chest infections more likely to suffer
5) occupation - working with harmful chemicals, gases/dust

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2
Q

What do lung diseases affect

A

ventilation and gas exchange

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3
Q

What is tidal volume

A

volume of air in each breath

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4
Q

What is the average tidal volume

A

between 0.4dm3 and 0.5dm3 (adults)

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5
Q

What is ventilation rate

A

number of breaths per minute

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6
Q

What is the average ventilation rate for healthy people

A

15 breaths

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7
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume

A

maxiumum volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second

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8
Q

What is the forced vital capacity

A

the maximum volume of air that can be breathed out forcefully after a really deep breath in

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9
Q

What can you use to measure tidal volume, ventilation rate etc

A

spirometer

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10
Q

What does a spirometer do

A

measures the volume of air breathed in and out

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11
Q

What is 1dm3 equivalant to

A

1 litre

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12
Q

What are 4 examples of lung diseases

A

1) pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
2) fibrosis
3) asthma
4) emphysema

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13
Q

What does becoming infected with tuberculosis cause

A

1) immmune system forms a wall around the bacteria in the lungs to form small hard lumps called tubercles.
2) tissue infected with these dies and the gas exchange surface is damaged
3) tidal volume is decreased

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14
Q

What does a reduced tidal volume mean

A

less air can be inhailed so breathing rate needs to increase to get enough air, increasing ventilation rate

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15
Q

What other lung disease can tuberculosis form

A

fibrosis

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16
Q

What are the common symptoms of tuberculosis

A

1) persistant cough
2) coughing up blood and mucus
3) chest pains
4) shortness of breath
5) fatigue

17
Q

What is fibrosis

A

the formation of scar tissue in the lungs that is thicker and less elastic than normal lung tissue meaning the lungs are less able to expand & can’t hold as much air = tidal volume and FVC are reduced & rate of gas exchange reduced (thicker membrane)

18
Q

What can cause fibrosis

A

infection or exposure to substances like asbestos or dust

19
Q

What are the symptoms of fibrosis

A

1) shortness of breath
2) dry cough
3) chest pain
4) fatigue
5) weakness

20
Q

What is asthma

A

respiratory condition where the airways become inflames and irritated

21
Q

What are the usual causes of asthma

A

allergic reaction to substances like pollen or dust

22
Q

What happens during an asthma attack

A

1) smooth muscle lining of bronchioles contracts and lots of mucus is produced
2) causes constriction of the airways
3) airflow is severly reduced in and out
4) means FEV is severly reduced

23
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma

A

1) wheezing
2) tight chest
3) shortness pf breath

24
Q

What can relieve asthma attacks

A

drugs (in inhalers)

25
Q

What do the drugs in inhalers do

A

cause the muscles of the bronchioles to relax , re-opening the airway

26
Q

What does emphysema cause

A

inflammation, which means phagocytes are attracted to the area that produce an enzyme which breaks down elastin, meaning alveoli cant recoil or expel air as well

27
Q

What causes empysema

A

smoking or long-term exposure to air pollution

28
Q

What are the effects of empysema

A

alveoli cant recoil or expel air as well so air remains trapped in them, and the alveoli walls are destroyed so gas exchange rate decreases

29
Q

What is elastin and where is it found

A

protein found in elastic, in the walls of the alveoli

30
Q

What are the symptoms of empysema

A

1) shortness of breath

2) wheezing

31
Q

Why do sufferers of lung disease often feel tired and weak

A

the gas exchange rate is reduced, so the rate of aerobic respiration is also reduced = less energy released

BIOLOGY - EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS (11 decks)

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