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Y1 - Respiratory > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What accounts for 90% of lung cancer?

A

Cigarette smoking

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2
Q

What are some risk factors for lung cancer apart from smoking?

A 
Radon exposure
Asbestos
Older age
Male sex
Family history
Pre-existing lung disease
HIV infection
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3
Q

What are the 4 main types of lung cancer

A

Small cell
Large cell
Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

Which lung cancer is the most common among smokers?

A

Squamous cell

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5
Q

How does squamous cell lung cancer spread, and where to?

A 
Local spread common, metastases later
Pleura
Ribs
Lymph nodes
Oesophagus
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6
Q

What conditions are associated with squamous cell lung cancer?

A 
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) related protein secretion, causing hypercalcaemia
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
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7
Q

Where in the lung do all the types of cancer most commonly appear?

A

Squamous and small cell -central

Adenocarcinoma and large cell - periphery

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8
Q

What is the most common lung cancer overall?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Adenocarcinomas do not commonly metastasise, true or false?

A

False - metastases are common

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10
Q

What is the least common lung cancer?

A

Large cell

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11
Q

What may large cell lung cancer secrete?

A

Beta-hCG

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12
Q

Large cell lung cancer metastasises early but has good prognosis, true or false?

A

False - metastasises early but bad prognosis

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13
Q

Small cell lung cancer is rapidly progressive and metastasises early, true or false?

A

True

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14
Q

What can small cell lung cancer produce, and what does this cause?

A

ACTH

  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
  • Hypokalaemic alkalosis
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15
Q

What syndrome can be caused by lung cancer, and which type causes it?

A

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Caused by small cell

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16
Q

What are the common metastases from primary lung cancer?

A

Brain
Bone
Liver
Adrenal

17
Q

What are the signs of brain metastases?

A 
Weakness like a stroke
Visual disturbance
Headache due to increased cranial pressure
No photophobia
Fits
18
Q

Which cancers metastasise TO the lungs?

A 
Breast
Colorectal
Renal
Prostate
Bladder
Melanoma
19
Q

What are symptoms of lung cancer?

A 
Cough
Haemoptysis
Breathlessness
Chest wall pain
Recurrent infection
Weight loss
Tiredness
20
Q

What syndrome do Pancoast tumours cause?

A

Horner’s syndrome - disturbance of sympathetic chain

21
Q

What are signs of lung cancer?

A 
Clubbing
Cachexia
Lymphadenopathy
Cushing's syndrome
Dull percussion
22
Q

It is common for lung cancer to be asymptomatic until late stages, true or false?

A

True

23
Q

What are some investigations that can diagnose lung cancer?

A

CXR
CT thorax
Bronchoscopy + biopsy
FNA for peripheral lesions and lymph nodes

24
Q

What is the treatment for small cell lung cancer?

A

Chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy

Rarely appropriate for surgery as it metastasises early

25
Q

What is the treatment for non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Excision in peripheral tumours with no metastases

Chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy

26
Q

What are the options for palliative care in lung cancer?

A

Palliative chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Stenting of the trachea or oesophagus
Analgesia
Antiemetics

27
Q

What can cause hoarse voice in lung cancer?

A

Local invasion into the recurrent laryngeal nerve

28
Q

What can cause localised chest pain, worse with movement in lung cancer?

A

Chest wall invasion

29
Q

What can cause pleural effusion in lung cancer?

A

Local invasion into the pleural cavity

30
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A

Malignancy of the pleura (mesothelial cells)

31
Q

What is the chief causative agent for mesothelioma?

A

Asbestos

32
Q

What are risk factors for mesothelioma?

A

Asbestos
Age 60-85
Male
Radiation exposure

33
Q

Mesothelioma usually presents about 5 years after exposure to asbestos, true or false?

A

False - usually about 40 years after exposure

34
Q

What are the symptoms of mesothelioma?

A 
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Diminished breath sounds
Dullness to percussion
Cough
Recurrent pleural effusion
Non-specific features
35
Q

What are the investigations for mesothelioma?

A

CT (can do CXR too but CT better)
Pleurocentesis
Thoracoscopy and biopsy

36
Q

What are some features of mesothelioma found on imaging?

A

Pleural thickening

Pleural effusion

37
Q

What is the treatment for mesothelioma?

A

No curative options
Palliative chemotherapy or radiotherapy
Instillation of sclerosant substances to prevent re-accumulation of pleural effusions

38
Q

What are common metastasis sites for mesotheliomas?

A

The other pleural cavity
Lung
Hilar lymph nodes

Y1 - Respiratory (12 decks)

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