Lung Cancer Flashcards
Name a somking related disease and the characteristic conditions that go along with this
COPD
- emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
Factors that can increase the chances of getting lung cancer
- pharmacogenomics and inter-individual susceptibility
- (passive) smoking
- e-cigarettes
- vitamin E acetate
Types of acute intersitial lung disease
- hypersensitivity pneumonititis
- Type II and IV
- Bird fancier
- Farmer’s lung
- Sarcoidosis
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Characterisitics of lung sarcoidosis
- cell mediated
- Granulomas
- Hilar lyphadenopathy
- raised angiotensin converting anzyme - macrophage activation
- minimal necrosis
How would the lungs be described in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
honeycomb lung
What are the 3 main types of benign lung tumour?
- mesenchymoma
- papilloma
- inflammatory myoblastic tumour
What are the main characterisitics of a benign tumour?
- defined margins
- uniform consistency
- no lymphadenopathy
- homogeneous
- cartilage with glands
- can be quite large
Dysplasia =
normal to disordered tissue
metaplasia =
change between mature cell types
Where do primary malignant lung tumours usually occur?
- epithelium
- vessels
- muscle
- cartilage
- lymphoid
- pleura
Where do secondary malignant lung tumours usually arise from?
- sarcoma - spread by blood
- renal carcinoma
- lymphoma
- etc.
**The lung is a common site for secodnary cancers
Describe squamous epithelial lung cancer
Non small cell lung cancer
approx. 40% = COMMON
Caused by:
- smoking
- air pollution
- asbestos
- fibrosing lung disease
What does EBUS stand for?
endobronchial ultrasound
Describe adenocarcinoma lung cancer
Non small cell lung cancer
Approx 40% = COMMON
Caused by:
- smoking
- lung scar - TB related
- air pollution
- asbestos
Name a variant of adenocarcinoma and describe its pattern of spread
bronchoalveolar
intrapulmonary dissemination
Describe TNM staging of cancer
describe small cell undifferentiated lung cancer
- neuroendocrine
- paraneoplastic effects
- may produce bioactuve amines or peptides e.g. ADH, PTN-like peptides, ACHT
- Neurological e.g. demyelination
Describe carcinoid lung cancer
Less maligant
- typical = towards the less aggressive end of spectrum
- atypical = smoking related, tends towards malignant end of the spectrum
What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
- a set of signs and symptims not directly caused by the cancer
- may be related to factors produced
- many immunological
What are the main genes affected in the cause of lung cancer?
- EGFR
- BRAF
- RAS
- ALK rearrangements
current treatments of lung cancer
chemotherapy
targeted - small molecule
immuno-oncology and checkpoint inhibitors
Describe mesothelioma lung cancer
- asbestos - crocidolite
- incidence rising
- long lag period
- male: female = 5:1
- signficance of fibrosis pleural plaques
