Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer Care Block > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How common is lung cancer?

A

3rd most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who is often affected by lung cancer?

A

M>F

People over 75 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the types of lung cancer?

A 
Non small cell
Small cell
Mesothelioma
Neuroendocrine tumours
(Mets)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?

A 
SMOKING!
Other lung disease
Radiotherapy
Toxins
Pulmonary fibrosis
HIV
FHx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What toxins are associated with lung cancer?

A

Asbestos
Radon gas
Arsenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the problem with small cell lung cancer?

A

It is fast onset so treatment needs to be initiated immediately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the non small cell lung cancers?

A

Squamous cell

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of lung tumours make up the majority?

A

Non small cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the issues associated with mesothelioma?

A

It isn’t chemo sensitive

Surgery is very difficult as disease affects pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a bit different about neuroendocrine tumours?

A

They are not related to smoking.

More common in women.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If someone has lung disease anyway, what is the issue?

A

Symptoms can be masked e.g. by COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tell me about Horner’s syndrome/triad.

A

Triad of miosis, partial ptosis, and anhidrosis.

In context of lung cancer, it is caused by Pancoast’s tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Pancoast’s tumour?

A

A tumour located in the apex of the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which type of lung cancer can develop Pancoast tumours?

A

Non small cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the common paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small cell lung cancer?

A
  • SIADH
  • ACTH excess
  • Lamberton-Eaton Syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Lamberton-Eaton syndrome?

A

Rare, autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome associated with small cell lung cancer that causes weakness of the muscles in the proximal arms and legs. Weakness improves slowly with exertion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the paraneoplastic syndromes associated with squamous cell lung cancer?

A
  • PTH-rp secretion -> hypercalcaemia
  • Clubbing
  • Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
  • Hyperthyroidism (ectopic TSH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the paraneoplastic syndromes associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung?

A
  • Gynaecomastic

- Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the guidelines for an unexplained cough?

A

Send for a chest x-ray after 3 weeks of an unexplained cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the prognosis poor for small cell lung cancers?

A

They grow rapidly and are highly malignant, spreading early.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A pt with a 40yr pack history of smoking presents to the GP with a chronic cough, weight loss, and haemoptysis.

What other symptoms/signs might this pt have?

A 
SoB
Chest pain
Bone pain
Finger clubbing
Fever
Weakness
Hoarse voice
SVCO
Dysphagia
Headache
N+V
Wheezing and stridor
22
Q

A pt with a 40yr pack history of smoking presents to the GP with a chronic cough, weight loss, and haemoptysis.

What is your list of differentials?

A

Lung cancer
Lung mets
TB
Benign lung disease

23
Q

A pt with a 40yr pack history of smoking presents to the GP with a chronic cough, weight loss, and haemoptysis.

On a CXR there is a solitary round shadow in the lung. What are th differentials?

A 
Cancer - primary or secondary
AV malformation
Pulmonary harmatoma
Bronchial adenoma
Abscess
Cyst
TB/Granuloma
Foreign body
24
Q

What are the 2ww guidelines for referral of suspected lung cancer?

A
  • CXR suggesting lung cancer or mesothelioma

- Pt over 40 with unexplained haemoptysis

25
Q

What might a lung cancer pts CXR look like?

A

There may be:

  • Peripheral circular opacity
  • Hilar enlargement
  • Consolidation
  • Pleural effusion
  • Bony secondaries
26
Q

How is lung cancer staged?

A

Contrast enhanced CT chest

27
Q

When should a lung cancer pt be offered a PET can?

A

If they are potentially curable. Offer it before treatment for precise location of pathology.

28
Q

What procedures can we do for histological samples of lung cancer?

A 
Bronchoscopy
Needle biopsy
Surgical biopsy
Thoracentesis
Sputum cytology
29
Q

Where does lung cancer metastasise to commonly?

A 
Brain
Bone
Liver
Other areas of the lung
Adrenal glands
30
Q

What system is used to stage lung cancer?

A

TNM

31
Q

What are the general steps to management of lung cancer?

A 
Lifestyle changes
Lung function tests for monitoring
Surgical resection
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
32
Q

What lifestyle changes should a lung cancer pt be advised to make?

A

Stop smoking
Nicotine replacement
Nutritional support

33
Q

What surgical option is first line for early stage disease?

A

Lobectomy

34
Q

What should happen to all pts who undergo surgical resection for lung cancer?

A

Hilar and mediastinal lymph node sampling for accurate staging.

35
Q

If a pt is not suitable for surgery, what can we offer to treat lung cancer?

A

Radiotherapy

36
Q

When is chemotherapy offered for lung cancer?

A

Stage III and IV disease

37
Q

What blood tests are done to help stage small-cell lung cancer?

A

Lactate dehydrogensase
LFTs
Na

38
Q

A pt with terminal lung cancer says they have some symptoms that are bothering them.

What symptoms might they need treating?

A 
Breathlessness
Haemopytsis
Cough
Chest pain
Hoarse voice
Face/upper limb swelling
Confusion/headache
Lower neurological symptoms
Bone pain
39
Q

A pt with terminal lung cancer says they have some symptoms that are bothering them.

What conditions might they need treating?

A 
SVCO
Spinal cord compression
Bone mets
Cerebral mets
Bronchial obstruction
Pleural effusion
40
Q

What complications can arise from the local presence of lung cancer?

A
  • Recurrent laryngeal palsy
  • Phrenic nerve palsy
  • SVCO
  • Pericarditis
  • AF
  • Rib erosion
41
Q

A pt with lung cancer comes into A+E having had a fit. What are we worried about most here?

A

Brain mets

42
Q

What consequences can arise from lung cancer metastasising to the adrenal glands?

A

Addison’s (adrenal insufficiency)

43
Q

What non-metastatic endocrine consequences are there of lung cancer?

A 
SIADH
Hypercalcaemia
Cushing's
Gynaecomastia
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperthyroidism
44
Q

What is the prognosis like for lung cancer?

A

Getting gradually better, but ten year survival is about 6%.

Prognosis is worse for small cell lung cancer.

45
Q

How can we help prevent lung cancer?

A

Actively discourage smoking and encourage smoking cessation.

46
Q

What is malignant mesothelioma?

A

Aggressive tumour of mesothelial cells of the lung that usually occurs in the pleura usually related to asbestos exposure.

47
Q

What are the symptoms of malignant mesothelioma?

A

SoB
Chest pain
Weight loss

Hx of asbestos exposure

48
Q

How do pts with mesothelioma describe their chest pain?

A

Dull
Diffuse
Progressive

Sometimes pleuritic

49
Q

Why does clubbing occur in mesothelioma?

A

Due to underlying asbestosis

50
Q

How should suspected malignant mesothelioma be investigated?

A

CXR and CT chest

Pleural fluid = straw-coloured/bloodstained

51
Q

How is malignant mesothelioma managed?

A
  • Symptom control

- Surgery only effective in extremely early disease

52
Q

What is the prognosis associated with mesothelioma?

A

Poor, typically survival is only one year. It is almost always fatal.

Cancer Care Block (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions