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Respiratory System > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What cancer causes the most deaths in the UK in both genders?

A

Lung cancer

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2
Q

Risk factors of lung cancer

A
  • Smoking
  • Asbestos exposure
  • Radon exposure
  • Family history
  • Airflow obstruction
  • Occupational carcinogens
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3
Q

Types of lung cancers

A

Non small cell lung cancers
Small cell lung cancers

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4
Q

Types of non small cell carcinomas

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell carcinoma

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5
Q

What are small cell lung cancers characterised by?

A

Rapid growth
Tendency to metastasise
Poor survival rates

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6
Q

Staging of lung cancer

A

TNM staging

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7
Q

Symptoms of patient with lung cancer

A

Cough
Dyspnoea
Haemoptysis
Recurrent lung infections
Wheeze
Weight loss
Hoarse voice
Malaise
Chest/shoulder pain

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8
Q

Signs of patient with lung cancer

A
  • finger clubbing
  • cachexia
  • horners syndrome
  • consolidation
  • muffled heart sounds
  • hepatomegaly
  • skin metastases
  • pale conjunctiva
  • cervical lymphadenopaty
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9
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Weakness + wasting of body
Due to chronic illness

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10
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Triad of:
Miosis
Anhidrosis
Partial ptosis

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11
Q

What type of tumour is Horner’s syndrome associated with?

A

Pancoast tumours
At very top of lungs
Compress sympathetic nerve pathways in neck

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12
Q

Diagnostic tests of lung cancer

A
  • bloods: FBCs, U&Es, calcium, LFTs, INR
  • CXR
  • staging CT: spiral CT thorax + supper abdomen
  • CT guided biopsy
  • PET scan
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13
Q

Prognosis of lung cancer

A
  • generally poor
  • usually already metastasised by the time symptoms arise
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14
Q

What is mesothelioma?

A

Cancer of the pleura

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15
Q

What is the main risk factor for mesothelioma?

A

Asbestos exposure

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16
Q

List 5 molecular markers of lung cancer

A

EGFR
ALK
RAS
PD1
PDL1

17
Q

Outline performance status of lung cancer

A
  • 0: no symptoms + normal activity level
  • 1: symptomatic but able to do normal daily activities
  • 2: symptomatic but in bed/chair <half day with some assistance for daily activities
  • 3: symptomatic + in bed/chair >1/2 day
  • 4: bedridden
  • 5: dead
18
Q

What type of lung cancer is most commonly associated with non smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma (NSCLC)

19
Q

What are some paraneoplastic syndromes in small cell lung cancers?

A
  • SIADH + abnormal water retention due to abnormal release of ADH
  • Cushing’s syndrome: due to abnormal release of ACTH
  • Eaton-Lambert syndrome: body attacks neuromuscular junctions > myasthenia gravis
20
Q

What are some paraneoplastic syndromes in non small cell lung cancers?

A

squamous cell carcinoma:
- humeral hypercalcaemia of malignancy due to release of PTHrP > stimulates PTH receptors
.
adenocarcinomas:
- hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy: triad of serositis, finger clubbing + arthropathy of large joints

21
Q

What are the 3 ectopic secretions possible from lung cancer?
What does this cause?

A
  • ACTH > Cushing’s syndrome (SSLC)
  • ADH > SIADH (SSLC)
  • PTH related peptide > raised PTH > hypercalcaemia (NSSLC - squamous cell carcinoma)
22
Q

How can tissue sampling be obtained for lung cancer staging?

A

CT biopsy
Bronchoscopy
US guided biopsy

23
Q

Treatment of lung cancer

A
  • surgery (for NSCLC)
  • radiotherapy: radical or palliative
  • chemotherapy: radical, neoadjuvant or adjuvant
  • palliative care
  • combination of chemo + radio
  • biological targeted therapies: based on mutation
24
Q

Types of chemotherapy for lung cancer

A
  • radical
  • neoadjuvant: chemo before surgery
  • adjuvant: chemo after surgery (only if <stage 2)
25
Q

What are the two most common types of lung cancers?

A

Squamous cell carcinomas
Adenocarcinomas
(Both NSCLC)

26
Q

What are molecular markers?

A

A biological molecule found in the body that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease

27
Q

What is a possible game changer for cancer therapy?

A

Biological (targeted) treatment
Based on mutational analysis

Respiratory System (25 decks)

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