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Repiratory > Lung - Anatomy and Physio > Flashcards

Lung - Anatomy and Physio Flashcards

1
Q

Conduction zone extends to?

A

Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

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2
Q

Cartilage ends where along respiratory tract?

A

Bronchi

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3
Q

Goblet cells ends where along respiratory tract?

A

Bronchi

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4
Q

Pseudostraticfied ciliated columnar epithelial cells end where along respiratory tract?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

SMCs end where along respiratory tract?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

Respiratory zone consists of?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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7
Q

Cuboidal cells where? squamous?

A

respiratory bronchioles; alveolar ducts and alveoli

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8
Q

Increase collapsing pressure by? When do alveoli have a tendency to collapse?

A

2*surface tension/radius
To increase collapsing pressure, Increase surface tension or decrease radius
Alveoli collapse during expiration

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9
Q

Surfactant - made by? production begins when? Most important component? test of fetal lung maturity?

A

Type II cells starting around week 26. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Lung mature when Lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio>2.0

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10
Q

lung cells that make both Type I and Type II cells?

A

Type II cells

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11
Q

Pneumocytes?

A

Type I, Type II and Clara cells

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12
Q

Clara cells: histo? Function?

A

nonciliated columnar with secretory granules. Secrete component of surfactant and degrades toxins

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13
Q

Inhale a foreign body - Goes into which lung?

If supine, which part of lung? If upright?

A

Right - wider and more verticle

Upper part of right inferior lobe
Lower part of right inferior lobe

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14
Q

Right anterior, left superior describes?

A

Pulmonary artery to bronchus at lung hilus

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15
Q

Structures perforating diaphragm?

A

I ate 10 eggs at 12

T8: IVC
T10: ESO, vagus
T12: Aorta, thoracic duct, Azygus vein

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16
Q

Referred pain from the diaphragm?

A

shoulder (C5) and trapezius (C3,4)

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17
Q

Inspiration muscles during exercise?

A

inSpiration - Scalene, SCMs, external intercostals

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18
Q

expiration muscles during exercise?

A

rectus abdominus, internal/external obliques, transversus abdominis, internal intercostals

19
Q

Draw out lung volumes

A

p 546

20
Q

Calculation for anatomic dead space?

A

Vd = (PaCO2-PEco2)/PaCO2

21
Q

Largest contributor of dead space?

A

Apex of healthy lung

22
Q

When is inward pull pf lung balanced by outward pull of chest wall?

A

FRC (after a normal exhale)

23
Q

Hb - 2 forms?

A

Taut - low O2 affinity in tissues

Relaxed - high O2 affinity in lung

24
Q

Why does fetal Hb have higher O2 affinity?

A

Lower affinity for 2,3 BPG - prevents curve shift to the right

25
Q

Increased O2 unloading by? (mechs)

A

Increases in:
Acid (binds to Heme and stabilizes unbound form)
2,3-BPG (Increased glycolysis in tissues makes more of this)
CO2
Temperature
increased Cl ions

26
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin?

A

Hb with CO bound. Shifts dissociated curve to the left

27
Q

low PAo2 in lungs vs other tissues?

A

vasoconstriction in lungs (shuts blood to better ventilated areas) vs vasodilation in tissues

28
Q

pt with healthy lungs: perfusion limited or diffusion limited circulation?

A

perfusion limited (gas always equilibriates by the time blood gets to end of pulmonary capillary)

29
Q

Diffusion formula?

What is affected in amphysema? in Pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Area/thickness * difference in partial pressures

decreased Area in emphysema. Increased thickness in fibrosis

30
Q

Pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

[P(pulmonary artery) - P (pulmonary vein)] / cardiac output

31
Q

O2 content equation?

A

(O2 binding capcity*saturation) + dissolved O2

32
Q

1 g Hb can hold how much O2?

How many grams of O2 normally in blood?

A

1.33 grams O2. 15 g/dl present normally.

33
Q

O2 binding capacity per dL blood?

A

20.1 ml O2/dL

34
Q

Decreased Hb. Affect on O2 saturation and PO2?

A

No effect

35
Q

Oxygen delivery to tissues equation?

A

Cardiac output* O2 content

36
Q

Alveolar gass equation?

A

PAo2 = PIo2 - Paco2/R

PAo2 = 150 - Paco2/.08

37
Q

Hypoxemia with Increased Aa gradient?

Normal Aa gradient?

A

hypoxemia, shunting, V/Q mismatch, diffusion

hypoventilation, high altitude

38
Q

Hypoxemia vs hypoxia?

A

down Pao2 vs down O2 delivery

39
Q

Causes of hypoxia?

A

decreased O2 delivery to tissue.

Due to low Cardiac Output, Hypoxemia, anemia, CO poisoning

40
Q

V/Q at apex of lung? Base?

changes in exercise?

A

3 vs .06

exercise - vasodilation - V/Q=1 at apex

41
Q

How is CO2 taken to lungs?

A

1) Bicarb (90%)
2) HbCO2 (carbaminoHb)
3) Dissolved

42
Q

Acute adjustment to high altitude?

A

increase ventilation

43
Q

Chronic adjustment to high altitude?

A

EPO, 2,3-BPG, increased mito, increased renal excretion of bicarbonate

Repiratory (2 decks)

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