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S1, R > Lung Anatomy, Airways, Blood > Flashcards

Lung Anatomy, Airways, Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the nose?

A
  • Air enters your body through your nose, where cilia and mucus trap particles
  • Has a much larger surface area to volume ratio in comparison to mouth
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2
Q

How is air warmed and moistened in the nose?

A
  • Cilia and mucus trap particles
  • Humidity increases are air goes down respiratory tract
  • Air is warmed in nose as it maintains core body temperature
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3
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the pharynx

A
  • From your nose air moves down into the pharynx or throat which is shared with the digestive system
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4
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the larynx?

A
  • Contains vocal chords which vibrate to produce sound
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5
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the trachea?

A
  • Air moves from pharynx down towards lungs via trachea
  • Made up of stiff rings, C-shaped of cartilage that support and protect it
  • Bifurcates at sternal angle
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6
Q

What is the importance of stiff rings in trachea?

A
  • Maintains patent airway -> airway is open and unobstructed
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7
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilaginous rings?

A

No. Only found in upper airways

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8
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the epiglottis?

A
  • Cartilaginous flap on top of larynx

- Small flap of tissue folds over the trachea and prevents food from entering it when you swallow

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9
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the bronchus?

A
  • Air moves from the trachea into the right and left main bronchi which lead inside the lungs
  • Bronchi split again and go to different lobes of the lung
  • Keep splitting and get smaller and smaller
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10
Q

What type of cartilage do smaller bronchi have?

A

Irregularly shaped hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Where is the smooth muscle in bronchi?

A

Smooth muscle is only around bronchi, not alveoli

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12
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli

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13
Q

Which bronchi is more vertical? Why is this important

A
  • Right main bronchus is wider and more vertical

- Right is where foreign bodies are more likely to be aspirated

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14
Q

What are the main anatomical features of the lungs?

A
  • Main organs of respiration
  • Soft, spongy texture due to many thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them
  • Pleural cavity is where the lungs sit, filled with 3ml of fluid
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15
Q

Lobes in the right lung

A
  • 3 lobes: superior, middle and inferior

- 2 fissures: horizontal and oblique

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16
Q

Lobes in the left lung

A
  • 2 lobes: Superior and inferior

- 1 fissure: oblique

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17
Q

What is the lower respiratory tract composed of?

A

Trachea, right lung, left lung, left bronchus, right bronchus and diaphragm

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18
Q

What is the upper respiratory tract composed of?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, tongue, vocal, larynx and oesophagus

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19
Q

Where is resistance to airflow greatest and why?

A
  • It is greatest at the upper end of the airway
  • In the lower part of the airway there are may branches and fewer and fewer molecules flow down these branches
  • Whereas in the upper end of the airway there are more molecules and only one route for them to follow
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20
Q

What is the surface area of lungs?

A

80 m2

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21
Q

What are the volume of lungs?

A

6l

22
Q

What happens to the lungs in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • The lungs relax
  • Diameter increases
  • Resistance decreases
23
Q

How does the gas exchange occur?

A
  • Deoxygenated blood flows in to the pulmonary artery
  • Blood flows down to the capillary bed
  • There is an exchange between the alveoli and the capillary bed
  • Oxygenated blood goes to the pulmonary vein
24
Q

How is it possible for the gas exchange to occur?

A
  • Capillary membranes and alveolar membranes are very thin

- Type I cells allow gas exchange

25
Q

What do the elastic fibres do near alveoli?

A
  • Stretch during inspiration

- Release during expiration, which means they contract again and push air out of lungs

26
Q

What is the structure of alveoli?

A
  • Thin walls
  • Site of gaseous exchange
  • Largely covered in type I alveolar cells
    Between each of these cells are type II alveolar cells
  • Capillaries are directly abutted to type I cells
  • Elastic fibres
27
Q

What type of epithelial cells are type I alveolar cells?

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium
28
Q

What are type II alveolar cells?

A
  • The produce surfactant
  • Made up of phospholipids and protein
  • Reduces surface tension at alveolar surface
  • Reduces work of breathing
29
Q

Why are capillaries directly abutted to type I cells?

A
  • So the distance is minimised by between these cells to allow for gas exchange
  • No impedance
30
Q

Are capillaries directly abutted to type II cells?

A

Nope

31
Q

What are the two reasons that gas exchange only occurs the alveoli?

A
  • The walls of the upper airways are too thick to allow gases to cross and their function is purely conduction of air to and from alveoli
  • Huge surface area of alveoli further enhances their exchange function
32
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Air in the upper airways that doesn’t participate in gas exchange

33
Q

What lines the respiratory tract?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Glands
  • Lymph nodes
  • Blood vessels (nutritive)
  • Ciliated
  • Mucous
34
Q

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

A
  • Pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar
35
Q

What the purpose of blood vessels in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Nutritive
  • Nutrient delivery to lung tissue is from systemic circulation
  • Respiratory circulation is only interested in O2, CO2
36
Q

What does mucous do in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Moistens air
  • Traps particles
  • Provides a large surface area for cilia to act on
  • Made by goblet cells
  • Subepithelial glands secrete mucous and serous secretions
37
Q

How does the lining change from nose to alveoli?

A
  • Epithelium becomes more squamous
  • Cilia lost
  • Mucous cells lost (before cilia)
38
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Acid-base balance
  • Protection from infection
  • Communication via speech
39
Q

What is the respiratory system circulation?

A

Acquires oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

40
Q

Why do we need to get rid of CO2?

A

It is toxic to cells, produced after producing energy, ATP

41
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from tissues

42
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Integration of respiratory and cardiovascular system

Allows movement of gases between air and body’s cells

43
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary circulation?

A
  • Opposite of systemic circulation
  • Delivers CO2 to the lungs
  • Picks up O2
44
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Travels away from the heart

Carries deoxygenated blood

45
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Travels towards the heart

Carries oxygen

46
Q

In the systemic circulation, where does blood rich in O2 go?

A

To cellular respiration where there is an exchange between blood and cells

47
Q

In the systemic circulation, where does blood rich in CO2 go?

A

To the heart

48
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

At alveoli and capillaries

49
Q

How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems integrate in exercise?

A
  • Rate and depth of breathing speeds up -> substrate acquisition (O2) -> waste disposal (CO2)
  • Heart rate and force of contraction speeds up -> substrate delivery to muscle via blood -> waste removal via blood
50
Q

True or false. The same amount of oxygen is inhaled as CO2 is expired

A

True. If there wasn’t a matching of these there would be a huge impact on concentration gradients and thus gas exchange

S1, R (5 decks)

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