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GastroIntestinal > Lumbar Plexus and Innervation off the Abdomen and Pelvis Lecture (Test 1) > Flashcards

Lumbar Plexus and Innervation off the Abdomen and Pelvis Lecture (Test 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Rami, Sympathetic Trunk, and Thoracic Splanchnic Nerve

A

1) Dorsal and Ventral Root fuse
2) Dorsal and Ventral Ramus formed
3) Sympathetic Trunk
4) Splanchnic Nerve
5) Prevertebral Ganglion

**Rami also carry SYMPATHETIC FIBERS

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2
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A
  • These are VENTRAL PRIMARY RAMI
  • T12 to L4 (L5)
  • These branches also carry SYMPATHETIC Fibers
  • L4 to L5 from the Lumbar Plexus becomes the FIRST BRANCH of the SACRAL PLEXUS
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3
Q

Lumbar Plexus Nerves

A

1) Subcostal Nerve (T12)
2) Iliohypogastric Nerve (T12, L1)
3) Ilioinguinal Nerve (L1)
4) Genitofemoral Nerve (L1, L2)
5) Lateral Femoral Cutaneous (L2, L3)
6) Lumbosacral Trunk (L4, L5)
7) Obturator, Anterior Division (L2, L3, L4)
8) Femoral, Posterior Divison (L2, L3, L4)

  • *** Most branches are associated with the PSOAS MUSCLE
  • Genitofemoral goes right THROUGH the Psoas Muscle
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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A
  • VOLUNTARY or Subconscious Control Single Neuron Pathway
  • NO GANGLIA involved in Pathway
  • Sensory input from general and Special Senses, MOTOR OUTPUT to Skeletal Muscle
  • Excites using ACETYLCHOLINE
  • Axons are THICK and MYELINATED = FAST CONDUCTION!!!!
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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • INVOLUNTARY or Unconscious Control two neuron Pathway
  • GANGLIA involved in Pathway
  • Sensory input from General and Visceral senses motor OUTPUT to Cardiac, Smooth Muscle and Glands
  • Can EXCITE or INHIBIT Function using ACETYLCHOLINE and NOREPINEPHRINE
  • Axons are THIN, Some Myelinated, other are not = SLOW CONDUCTION
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6
Q

Autonomic Plexus

A
  • Collections of SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC Axons and PARASYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC Axons, as well as some Visceral Sensory Axons
  • Sympathetic (from Spinal Cord via Sympathetic Trunk) and Parasympathetic (from Cranial and Caudal repositories) plexuses are close to one another, but they DO NOT INTERACT or SYNAPSE with one another
  • Provide a Complex Innervation Pattern to their Target Organ
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7
Q

Cardiac Plexus

A
  • Increased SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY, INCREASES Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
  • Increased PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY, DECREASES Heart Rate
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8
Q

Pulmonary Plexus

A
  • Parasympathetic Pathway causes BRONCHOCONSTRICTION and INCREASED Secretion from Mucous Glands of the BRONCHIAL TREE
  • SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION causes BRONCHODILATION
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9
Q

Esophageal Plexus

A
  • Parasympathetic Axons control the Swallowing Reflex
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10
Q

Abdominal Aortic Plexus

A
  • Consists of the CELIAC PLEXUS, SUPERIOR MESENTERIC PLEXUS, and INFERIOR MESENTERIC PLEXUS = Autonomic Control of Digestion!!!!!!!
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11
Q

Hypogastric Plexus

A
  • Innervates EPLVIC VISCERA = Autonomic Control of Urinary and Reproductive function
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12
Q

Dual Innervation

A
  • Many Visceral Effectors (ORGANS) are Innervated by POSTGANGLIONIC AXONS from BOST ANS Divisions
  • Actions of the Division usually OPPOSE each other
  • Opposing effects are also achieved by INCREASING or DECREASING activity in ONE DIVISION (One Division can up-reguakte or down-regulate the other)

Parasympathetic:

  • Short Postganglionic Fibers
  • MORE SPECIFIC

Sympathetic:

  • Multiple Branches of Axon can go to Different Fibers
  • LESS SPECIFIC
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13
Q

Fight or Flight Function of the ANS

A
  • May involve a SINGLE EFFECTOR or Many Effectors
  • In Mass Activation, a large number of Ganglionic Neurons activate many effector Organs……. this causes a HEIGHTENED sense of Alertness due to Stimulation of the Reticular activation system
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14
Q

Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division

A
  • Much more complex than the PARASYMPATHETIC Divions, both Anatomically and Functionally
  • Sympathetic Preganglionic Neuron CELL BODIES are housed in the LATERAL HRON of the T1 to L2 regions of the Spinal Cord
  • PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC Axons travel with SOMATIC MOTOR NERUON Axons to EXIT the Spinal Cord and first enter the Anterior Roots and the the T1 to L2 Spinal Nerves
  • PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC Axons remain with the Spinal Nerve for a SHORT Distance before they Branch off and leave the Spinal Nerve
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15
Q

Left and Right Sympathetic Trunks

A
  • Immediately ANTERIOR to the paired Spinal Nerves are the Left and Right Sympathetic Trunks
  • Each is located immediately LATERAL to the Vertebral Column

A SYMPATHETIC Trunk looks much like a String of Beads:

1) The “String” is composed of BUNDLES of AXONS
2) The “Beads” are the SYMPATHETIC TRUNK (or Paravertebral) Ganglia, which house SYMPATHETIC Ganglion Neuron Cell Bodies

  • One Sympathetic Trunk Ganglion is approximately associate with EACH SPINAL NERVE
  • The Cervical portion of Each Sympathetic Trunk is partitioned into only Three Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia: The Superior, Middle, and Inferior Cervical Ganglia, as opposed to the Eight Cervical Spina Nerves
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16
Q

White Rami

A
  • Connecting the Spinal Nerves to each Sympathetic Turnk are RAMI COMMUNICANTES
  • They carry Preganglionic Sympathetic Axons from the T1 to L2 Spinal Nerves to the Sympathetic Trunk
  • They are associated only with the T1 to L2 Spinal Nerves
  • PREGANGLIONIC axons are MYELINATED (Whitish appearance)
  • Similar to “Entrance Ramps” on a Highway
17
Q

Gray Rami

A
  • Carry POSTGANGLINIC Sympathetic Axons from the Sympathetic Trunk to the Spinal nerve
  • Axons are UNMYELINATED (Grayish appearance)
  • Similar to “Exit Ramps” on a Highway
  • Connect to all Spinal Nerves, including the Cervical, Sacral, and Coccygeal Spinal Nerves
  • In this way, Sympathetic Information that stared out in the THORACOLUMBAR Region can be dispersed to ALL PARTS of the Body
18
Q

Sympathetic Pathway

A

1) Spinal Nerve Pathway
2) Postganglionic Sympathetic Nerve Pathway

3) The Splanchnic Nerve Pathway
- Does not Synapse in the Trunk and travels in the Thoracic Splanchnic Nerve to the Prevertebral Ganglion t get to the Gut

4) The Adrenal Medullar Pathway
- No Intervening Ganglion

19
Q

Splanchnic Nerves

A
  • Composed of PREGANGLIONIC SYMPATHETIC Axons
  • Runs ANTERIORLY from the Sympathetic Trunk to MOST of the Viscera
  • SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH THE PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION!!!!!!!!!!

Larger Splanchnic Nerves (All SYMPATHETIC) have Specific Names:

1) Greater Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
2) Lesser Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
3) Least Thoracic Splanchnic Nerves
4) Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves
5) Sacral Splanchnic Nerves

20
Q

Splanchnic Nerves Cont

A
  • Terminates in Prevertebral (or Collateral) Ganglia
  • Called “Prevertebral” because they are immediately ANTERIOR to the Vertebral Column on the ANTEROLATERAL Wall of the Abdominal Aorta
  • Prevertebral Ganglia typically CLUSTER around the Major Abdominal Arteries and are named for these Arteries
    ex: Celiac Ganglia Cluster around the Celiac Trunk
  • Sympathetic Postganglionic Axons extend away from the Ganglionic Neuron Cell Bodies in these Ganglia and Innervate many of the Abdominal Organs
21
Q

Pre vertebral Ganglia

A
  • Differ from the Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia
  • Are Single Structures, rather than paired
  • Are Anterior to the Vertebral Column on the Anterior Surface of the Aorta
  • Located ONLY in the Abdominopelvic Cavity
  • Prevertebral Ganglia include the Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Inferior Mesenteric Ganglia
22
Q

Effects and General Functions of the Parasympathetic Division: REST and DIGEST

A
  • Parasympathetic Division is most Active during times when the body must process NUTRIENTS and CONSERVE ENERGY
  • Lack of Extensive Divergence in PREGANGLIONIC Axons prevents the MASS Activation seen in the Sympathetic Division
  • Effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System tend to be DISCRETE and LOCALIZED
  • Parasympathetic Activity can affect one group of organs without necessarily having to “Turn on” all other Organs
23
Q

The Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Also termed the CRANIOSACRAL Division
  • Primarily concerned with conserving Energy and replenishing Nutrient Stores
  • Is most active when the Body is at REST or DIGESTING a Meal (Rest and Digest)
  • Participates along with the Sympathetic Division in MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS (Constant Internal Environment)
24
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • Associated with the Parasympathetic division are:
    1) Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
    2) Facial Nerve (CN VII)
    3) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
    4) VAGIS NERVE (CN X)!!!!!!!
  • Frist three of these Nerves convey Parasympathetic innervation to the Head
  • Vagus nerve is the source of Parasympathetic Stimulation for the Thoracic and most abdominal Organs
25
Q

Vagus Nerve (CN X) Associated Ganglion and Parasympathetic Activity

A
  • Multiple TERMINAL and INTRAMURAL GANGLIA
  • Heart (Decreases Rate)
  • Respiratory Organs (Decreases Respiration)
  • Bronchial Passages (Constricts, Excites Mucous Production)
  • Esophagus (Promotes Swallowing and PERISTALSIS)
  • Abdominal Viscera (Promotes Digestion)
26
Q

Caudal Contribution of Parasympathetic: Via PELVIC SPLANCHNIC Nerves

A
  • Apart from the Cranial Nerve Components, the rest of the Parasympathetic Innervation in the Body comes for the SACRAL REGION of the Spinal Cord (S2 to S4)
  • PREGANGLIONIC Parasympathetic Axons from Neuron cell bodies in the Lateral Horn contribute to the formation of the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR HYPOGASTRIC PELXUS
  • From here, Preganglionic Axons travel to the Organs and Synapse with Ganglia close to, or in the wall of the Organs
27
Q

Caudal Contribution of Parasympathetic: Via Pelvis Splanchnic Nerves

A
  • Distal Portion of Large Intestine
  • Rectum
  • Most Reproductive Organs
  • Urinary Bladder (Contracts)
  • Distal Ureters
  • Erection
28
Q

Segmental Innervation of Abdominal Viscera

A
  • Approximately Spinal Cord segments and Spinal Sensory Ganglia involved in SYMPATHETIC and VISCERAL AFFERENT Pain innervation of Abdominal Viscera are shown

NOTE: GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENTS (GVA) travel with SYMPATHETIC GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENTS (GVE)!!!!!

29
Q

Surface Projections of Visceral Pain

A
  • Sympathetic Fibers are accompanied by General Visceral AFFERENTS (GVA, Pain) Fibers
    1) GALLBLADDER: T6 Right
    2) CECUM and APPENDIX: T10 to T12 Right
    3) STOMACH: T5 to T9 Left

GastroIntestinal (21 decks)

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