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OMM M1T2 E2 > Lumbar Biomechanics > Flashcards

Lumbar Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

If the lumbar spine is in neutral position, it follows….

A

Type I mechanics – opposite side

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2
Q

What is the exception to Fryette mechanics in the lumbar spine?

A

L5/S1

Must test in neutral, flexion, and extension

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3
Q

Which segment is the site of more spinal anomalies than anywhere else in the spinal column?

A

L5/S1

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4
Q

Trauma is most common at which segment?

A

L5/S1

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5
Q

What permits motion?

A

Bones and joints

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6
Q

What restrains motion?

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

What stabilizes motion?

A

Muscles

Fascia

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8
Q

The lumbar spine is designed for ______

A

Weight bearing

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9
Q

Approximately ___% of body weight rests on the lumbosacral disc?

A

40

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10
Q

Total flexion and extension: L1 on L2

A

9-16 degrees

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11
Q

Total flexion and extension: L2 on L3

A

11-18 degrees

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12
Q

Total flexion and extension: L3 on L4

A

12-18 degrees

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13
Q

Total flexion and extension: L4 on L5

A

14-21 degrees

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14
Q

Total flexion and extension: L5 on S1

A

18-22 degrees

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15
Q

Which segments have the largest rotational component?

A

L4 and L5: 3-4 degrees

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16
Q

What leads to premature disc degeneration?

A

Motion loss–impairs nutrition

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17
Q

T/F: Intervertebral discs are avascular

A

True (except for the periphery)

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18
Q

What percentage of lumbar length is comprised of intervertebral discs?

A

20%

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19
Q

When does disc degeneration begin?

A

Second decade in men

Third decade in women

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20
Q

By age 50, ___% of lumbar discs show degeneration

A

97

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21
Q

Where is the most common disc herniation?

A

L5/S1

followed by L4/L5

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22
Q

Why are lower discs predisposed to herniation?

A

The posterior longitudinal ligament reinforces the strength of the disc in the midline. This ligament becomes narrower and weaker as you descend the spine.

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23
Q

What protects the spinal cord in traumatic situations in which high loads are applied at fast speeds?

A

Ligaments

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24
Q

What are the forward bending check ligaments?

A

Supraspinous
Posterior longitudinal
Interspinous
Capsular

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25
Q

What is the only kinetic ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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26
Q

Yellow
Packed with elastic fibers
Purest form of elastic tissue in the human body
In forward bending, it stores kinetic energy to assist the musculature in returning the spine to the upright posture

A

Ligamentum flavum

27
Q

What are the sidebending check ligaments?

A

Intertransverse check ligaments

28
Q

What are the rotational check ligaments?

A

Iliolumbar ligaments

29
Q

Which ligaments are injured in the classic lumbosacral sprain and strain?

A

Iliolumbar

Intertransverse

30
Q

Discs are usually injured by ____ injury

A

Rotational (not compressed!)

31
Q

What is the backbending check ligament?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

32
Q

Broad and flat

Reinforces the disc anteriorly

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

33
Q

What is anatomically critical to the maintenance of lumbar stability?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia

34
Q

What helps keep thoracolumbar fascia taut?

A

Positive pressure in the abdomen

35
Q

What causes instability in thoracolumbar fascia?

A

Weakness
Hernias
Incisions
Pregnancy

36
Q

T/F: The detailed patterns of lumbar muscles are virtually unknown.

A

True

37
Q

What are the differences in short vs. long muscles of the lumbar spine?

A

Short:
Involuntary
Stabilize and balance the spine

Long:
Voluntary
Movers of the spine

38
Q

Which muscles cause and maintain segmental somatic dysfunction?

A

Deep paraspinal muscles

These muscles respond to viscero-somatic and somato-somatic reflexes

39
Q

What are the deep paraspinal muscles?

A

Intertransverse
Interspinalis
Rotatores brevis
Rotatores longus

40
Q

Which deep paraspinal muscle stabilizes sidebending?

A

Intertransverse

41
Q

Which deep paraspinal muscle stabilizes extension?

A

Interspinalis

42
Q

Which deep paraspinal muscles stabilize rotation?

A

Rotatores brevis and longus

43
Q

Deep paraspinal muscles function as …..

A

Guy wires (angle upward)

44
Q

Rotatores muscles rotate segments to which side?

A

Opposite side

45
Q

Flexion of trunk is initiated by which muscle?

A

Rectus abdominus

46
Q

After initiation of flexion, which muscles take over control?

A

Erector spinae

47
Q

In full flexion, which muscles and ligaments are in control?

A

Muscles are at rest–this is a passive posture maintained by check ligaments and resistance to disc deformation

48
Q

Extenders of the spine from lateral to medial

A

Iliocostalis lumborum
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis
Multifidus

49
Q

When acting unilaterally, the extenders become _____

A

Sidebenders

50
Q

When combined with the pull of the abdominal obliques, the extenders become _____

A

Rotators

51
Q

Asthma and COPD tend to create flexed dysfunctions in which segments?

A

Upper lumbar segments L1-L3

Right to L1-3, Left to L1 and 2

52
Q

Flexed dysfunction of upper lumbar segments will result in which symptom?

A

Shortness of breath

53
Q

Which muscle is silent while standing and active while sitting?

A

Psoas major

54
Q

Shortening of which muscle results in increased lumbar lordosis?

A

Psoas major

55
Q

Acute psoas spasm will sidebend the trunk in which direction?

A

Toward the side of the spasm

56
Q

What is typically the net effect of psoas spasm?

A

Type II dysfunction
Typically affecting L1, 2, or 3
Flexed
Rotated and sidebent to same side

57
Q

T/F: Extended dysfunctions tend to CAUSE psoas spasm, while flexed dysfunctions tend to be a RESULT of psoas spasm.

A

True

58
Q

Chronic shoulder problems may be caused by which muscle?

A

Latissimus dorsi

59
Q

Accessory muscle for forced exhalation

A

Serratus posterior inferior

60
Q

L1 nerve roots are ____ mm long

A

60

61
Q

S1 nerve roots are _____ mm long

A

170

62
Q

Axons from S1 to final destination may exceed _____ in length

A

100 cm

63
Q

Blood flow is reduced when a nerve root is stretched to ___% of its length; completely ceases when stretched to ____%.

A

8 / 15

OMM M1T2 E2 (4 decks)

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