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Pete 3 > Luke 2 > Flashcards

Luke 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  • transportation
  • regulation
  • protection
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2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • blood plasma

- formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

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3
Q

What is Leukaemia?

A
  • neoplastic proliferation of immature white blood cells
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4
Q

What are the three types of WBC?

A
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes (t-cell responsible for cell mediated immunity, b-cel associated with antibody production)
  • granulocytes
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5
Q

What are the three types of haematological malignancies?

A
  • leukaemia
  • mutliple myeloma
  • Polycythaemia Rubra Vera
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6
Q

What does leukaemia do to bone marrow?

A
  • take up space in the marrow so there is no room left for normal cells to grow
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7
Q

What are the four types of leukaemia?

A
  • ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia)
  • AML (acute myeloid leukaemia)
  • CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia)
  • CML (chronic myeloid leukaemia)
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8
Q

How many cases of Leukaemia are diagnosed in australia each year?

A
  • 4800 cases

- 40% of which are acute

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9
Q

What age groups does ALL affect?

A
  • most common in children

- rare in adults

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10
Q

What are groups does AML affect?

A
  • mainly affects adults

- can occur in children and adolescents

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11
Q

What age groups does CLL affect?

A
  • affects adults

- does not occur in children

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12
Q

What age does CML affect?

A
  • occur at any age

- but uncommon below 20

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13
Q

What is ALL?

A
  • bone marrow makes too many large immature lymphocytes (lymphocytes are not able to fight infection)
  • can cause infection, anaemia and easy bleeding
  • gets worse quickly
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14
Q

Where does ALL spread to?

A
  • central nervous system
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15
Q

What is the epidemiology of ALL?

A
  • male: female = 1:1

- affects children: 40% occur between 2-5yrs

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16
Q

What is the aetiology of ALL?

A
  • down’s syndrome
  • environmental agents (viruses)
  • radiation exposure
  • benzene
  • anti-cancer treatment (after Hodgkins diease and ovarian treatment)
  • smoking
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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ALL?

A
  • peripheral lymphadenopathy
  • splenomegaly
  • liver palpable
  • bone marrow failure
  • bruising/bleeding due to thrombocyopenia
  • petechiae
  • fever
  • shortness of breath
  • loss of appetite or weight loss
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18
Q

What are the clinical features of ALL in child?

A
  • anaemia
  • thrombocyopenia
  • infection
  • bone pain
  • malaise
  • oral and pharyngeal ulceration
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19
Q

What are the adverse prognostic features in child ALL?

A
  • Adverse cytogenetic markers
  • CNS disease at presentation
  • Early marrow relapse
  • Testicular relapse
  • T-cell phenotype
  • Philadelphia chromosome present
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20
Q

What is the staging for ALL?

A
  • not formal staging
  • total WCC more then 20,000 poorer prognosis
  • age
  • metastases to brain or spinal cors
  • Philadelphia chromosome
  • cancer recurrence
21
Q

What is the prognosis for ALL?

A
  • child = 70%

- adult = 35%

22
Q

What characterises AML?

A
  • overproduction of immature WBC (myeloblasts)

- dividing cells fill up bone marrow preventing it from making healthy blood

23
Q

What is the epidemiology of AML?

A
  • rare (0.8% of tumours)
  • 2000 adults, 50 children per year
  • men slighly higher
  • common age is 60
  • rare under 20
24
Q

What is the aetiology of AML?

A
  • damage to one of more genes that control blood development
  • ionising radiation
  • blood disorder (myelodysplastic syndrome)
  • downs syndrome
25
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of AML?

A
  • anaemia
  • low platelet count (bruising)
  • low WCC (persistent infection)
  • feeling unwell or run donw
  • aching joints and bones
  • unusual bleeding (reduced platelets)
  • weight loss
  • bone pain
26
Q

What is the AML staging?

A
  • french-american-british (FAB) classification system
27
Q

What is the AML prognosis?

A
  • 40% of all patients cured
  • 50% by successful transplantation
  • poor prognosis if WCC > 100 x 10
28
Q

What characterised CML?

A
  • excess granulocytes
  • progress slowly in chronic phase (4-6 yrs) then rapid (3-9 months)
  • only cure is stem cell transplant
29
Q

What is the epidemiology of CML?

A
  • 249 per year diagnosed
  • age over 50
  • slightly higher in males
30
Q

What is the aetiology of CML?

A
  • not really known
  • 90% have philadelphia chromosome
  • ionising radiation
31
Q

What are the signs are symptoms are CML?

A
  • Massive splenomegaly
  • Tiredness & pale skin due to anaemia
  • bleeding or bruising
  • Petechiae
  • Women may find their periods become very much heavier
  • Generalised itching
  • Hepatomegaly (abdominal distension)
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Thrombocytopenia (due to bone marrow failure)
  • Bone pain
  • Fevers
  • Weight loss
  • Very high white cell count
32
Q

What are the three phases of CML?

A
  • chronic phase (stable)
  • accelerated phase
  • blast phase
33
Q

What are the three stages of CML?

A
  • relapsed chronic myeloid leukaemia
  • complete remission (blood and bone marrow are normal)
  • molecular remission (not more philadelphia chromosome)
34
Q

What characterises CLL?

A
  • similar to non hodgkins lymphoma
  • results from acquired injury to DNA of single cell in bone marrow
  • leukaemic cells dont impede blood production as much as ALL
35
Q

What is the epidemiology of CLL?

A
  • 718/year diagnosed
  • age over 60
  • more in men
  • uncommon under 40
36
Q

What is the aetiology of CLL?

A
  • no known factors
  • damaged to one or more genes that control cell development
  • family history
37
Q

What are the signs and symptoms or CLL?

A
  • Peripheral lymphadenopathy
  • Splenomegaly
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Anaemia
  • Tiredness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Recurrent infections of skin, lungs, kidneys & other areas
  • Fever
  • Sweats
  • Weight loss
38
Q

What is hairy cell leukaemia?

A
  • overproduction of B lymphocyte (WBC)

- abnormal WBC build up in spleen causing splenomegaly

39
Q

What is the aetiology of hairy cell leukaemia?

A
  • 100 cases/year
  • age 40-60
  • men: women = 5:1
  • develops slowly
  • cause unknown
40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hairy cell leukaemia?

A
  • Tiredness, Weakness, lethargy
  • Weight loss
  • Infections
  • Breathlessness
  • Anaemia
  • Frequent infections
  • Enlarged spleen (abdominal discomfort)
41
Q

What characterises mutliple myeloma?

A
  • cancer of the plasma cell
  • continued synthesis and release of immunoglobulins
  • Neoplastic proliferation of a clone of B-lymphocytes results in large numbers of immature plasma cells that infiltrate the bone marrow
42
Q

What is the epidemiology of multiple myeloma?

A
  • uncommon under 50
  • males: females = 2:1
  • twice as frequent in African Americans as in white
  • first degree relative
  • BRCA 1 and 2
43
Q

What is the aetiology of multiple myeloma?

A
  • radiation exposure
44
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of mutliple myeloma?

A
  • acute back pain
  • weakness/fatigue
  • anorexia
  • reccurent bacterial infections
  • bone lesions tenderness
  • anaemia
  • hypercalcaemia
45
Q

What is the clinical management of multiple myeloma?

A
  • not curable but can relieve symptoms
  • chemo (oral melphalan)
  • palliative RT
46
Q

What characterises Polycythaemia Rubra Vera?

A
  • uncommon bone marrow disease

- proliferation of RBC (myeloproliferation) is not regulated by erythropoietin

47
Q

What is the aetiology of Polycythaemia Rubra Vera?

A
  • age 50-65
48
Q

What are the clinical features of Polycythaemia Rubra Vera?

A
  • Increased peripheral cell volume
  • Headaches/ Dizziness
  • Tinnitus (rinning in your ears)
  • Tiredness
  • Visual disturbances
  • Cyanosis (blue around the lips)
  • Pruritus on exposure to heat/cold
  • Palpable spleen (75%)
  • Hepatomegaly (30%)
  • Haemorrhage
  • Venous thrombo-embolism

Pete 3 (11 decks)

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