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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of living organisms?

A

Living organisms cannot be defined precisely but are characterized by certain features.

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2
Q

List the four key characteristics that distinguish living organisms from non-living ones.

A
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism
  • Response to stimuli
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3
Q

What is growth in living organisms?

A

Increase in the number of cells or mass.

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4
Q

What does reproduction entail in living organisms?

A

Producing young ones of the same kind.

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5
Q

Define metabolism in the context of living cells.

A

Chemical reactions occurring inside a living cell.

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6
Q

What is the response to stimuli in living organisms?

A

The ability to sense and react to environmental conditions.

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7
Q

What are sesmonastic movements?

A

Movements in response to touch, such as in the ‘Touch me not’ plant.

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8
Q

Who proved that life on Earth originated by chemosynthesis?

A

Scientist Miller.

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9
Q

What did J.B.S. Haldane suggest about the development of life?

A

Life must have developed from simple inorganic molecules.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of classification in biology?

A

To categorize organisms into different groups for study.

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11
Q

Who is known as the ‘Father of Taxonomy’?

A

Linnaeus.

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12
Q

What are the two kingdoms proposed by Linnaeus?

A
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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13
Q

What did H. Whittaker propose in 1969 regarding classification?

A

The Five Kingdom Classification.

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14
Q

List the five kingdoms in Whittaker’s classification.

A
  • Monera
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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15
Q

What does the kingdom Monera include?

A

All prokaryotic organisms like bacteria.

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16
Q

What are the two groups of bacteria?

A
  • Archaebacteria
  • Eubacteria
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17
Q

What are cyanobacteria also known as?

A

Blue-green algae.

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18
Q

What role do chemosynthetic bacteria play?

A

Recycling nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur.

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19
Q

What is the primary method of reproduction in bacteria?

A

Fission.

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20
Q

What is the smallest known organism that lacks a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma.

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21
Q

What is the basic unit of biological classification?

A

Species.

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22
Q

What is the highest unit of classification?

A

Kingdom.

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23
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

A two-name system for naming organisms.

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24
Q

Provide the scientific name for humans.

A

Homo sapiens.

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25
Q

What does the study of cell structure and function refer to?

A

Cytology.

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26
Q

Who coined the term ‘cell’?

A

Robert Hooke.

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27
Q

What is the smallest cell known?

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

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28
Q

What is the longest cell in the human body?

A

Neuron.

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29
Q

What established the cell theory?

A

Schlieden and Schwann.

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30
Q

List the main features of cell theory.

A
  • All organisms are composed of cells.
  • The body of every organism is made of cells.
  • Each cell arises from pre-existing cells.
  • Every organism starts its life from a single cell.
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31
Q

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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32
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of cellular respiration and ATP synthesis.

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33
Q

What do Golgi bodies do?

A

Storage, processing, and packaging of materials.

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34
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis.

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35
Q

What are lysosomes known as and why?

A

Suicidal bags of the cell due to their role in intracellular digestion.

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36
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis.

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37
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Fluid-filled organelle that helps in osmoregulation.

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38
Q

What is the central structure of a cell that controls activities?

A

Nucleus.

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39
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells contain circular DNA.

A

False. Eukaryotic cells contain linear DNA.

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40
Q

What role does the vacuole play in plant cells?

A

It helps in osmoregulation and provides turgidity and rigidity

Vacuoles may occupy 90% of total cell volume in plant cells.

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41
Q

What is the nucleus and where is it located in a plant cell?

A

A spherical, centrally located structure, shifted towards the periphery in plant cells

It is bounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane with pores.

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42
Q

What are the main components found within the nucleoplasm?

A

Nucleolus and chromatin material

Nucleolus is rich in protein and RNA.

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43
Q

What is chromatin made up of?

A

DNA and histone protein

Chromatin forms chromosomes during cell division.

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44
Q

What is the function of DNA found in mitochondria and chloroplast?

A

They are self-replicating organelles capable of producing their own protein.

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45
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances against a diffusion gradient using energy from respiration.

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46
Q

What organelles make up the endomembrane system of the cell?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and vacuoles.

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47
Q

What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, plastids, and larger vacuoles; animal cells have centrosomes and smaller vacuoles.

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48
Q

What happens to a cell when placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

It increases in volume.

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49
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA and protein.

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50
Q

What is the term for a pair of chromosomes having the same size and shape?

A

Homologous chromosomes.

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51
Q

What is the basic unit of heredity?

A

Gene.

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52
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Any change in the base sequence within a gene.

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53
Q

What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

A

Diploid has two complete sets of chromosomes; haploid has one set.

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54
Q

What are the types of RNA and their functions?

A
  1. mRNA: Carries messages from DNA to cytoplasm
  2. rRNA: Site of protein synthesis
  3. tRNA: Transfers amino acids to ribosome.
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55
Q

What is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into mRNA called?

A

Transcription.

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56
Q

What is the significance of meiosis?

A

It creates genetic diversity and produces haploid gametes.

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57
Q

What is karyokinesis?

A

Division of the nucleus during cell division.

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58
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

In the F1 generation, both characters governed by genes are separated.

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59
Q

What is linkage in genetics?

A

When two different genes on the same chromosome express together instead of independently.

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60
Q

What is cloning?

A

Producing identical organisms from a single cell with the same genetic character.

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61
Q

What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

A

An organism with manipulated genes to obtain desired traits.

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62
Q

What is the genome?

A

All genes present in a haploid cell.

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63
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose; RNA is single-stranded with ribose.

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64
Q

What is a ribozyme?

A

An RNA molecule that acts as an enzyme.

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65
Q

What is the term for the potential ability of a plant cell to grow into a complete plant?

A

Totipotency.

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66
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Chromosomes responsible for characters other than sex.

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67
Q

What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A

The theory that genes are located on chromosomes, proposed by Sutton & Boveri.

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68
Q

What is the sex chromosome composition in humans?

A

Males have XY; females have XX.

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69
Q

What is the significance of the Cas9 protein?

A

It is used in targeted gene editing.

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70
Q

Where are mitochondria found and how are they inherited?

A

Found in the mitochondria and inherited via egg cytoplasm

Mitochondria are inherited maternally.

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71
Q

What is mitochondrial replacement therapy?

A

A method to prevent passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child either before or after in-vitro fertilization

This therapy aims to eliminate mitochondrial diseases by replacing defective mitochondria with healthy ones.

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72
Q

From whom does a child inherit mitochondrial diseases?

A

Entirely from the mother and not from the father

73
Q

What are extranuclear genes?

A

Genes that occur in mitochondria and are inherited by females

74
Q

Who proposed the chromosomal theory of inheritance?

A

Sutton & Boveri

75
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in human males and females?

A

Males have XY, females have XX

76
Q

How are male gametes differentiated in terms of sex chromosomes?

A

Half contain ‘X’ chromosome and half contain ‘Y’ chromosome

77
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

A structure found in female somatic cells

78
Q

What occurs during test tube fertilization?

A

Fertilization is done in a laboratory but further development takes place inside the mother’s womb

79
Q

How can environmental factors affect sex determination in some species?

A

In some reptiles, temperature determines the sex at which the fertilized egg is incubated

80
Q

What is the typical number of chromosomes in human cells?

A

46 chromosomes

81
Q

What are holandric genes?

A

Genes present on the ‘Y’ chromosome

82
Q

What is Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

A condition where a male has an extra X or Y chromosome, resulting in XXY or XYY instead of XY

83
Q

What are the characteristics of females with Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

Normal development but limited fertility; mental retardation is also seen

84
Q

What is Turner’s Syndrome?

A

A condition where a female has a single sex chromosome (XO), leading to rudimentary ovaries and lack of secondary sexual characteristics

85
Q

What causes Down’s Syndrome?

A

An extra chromosome added to the 21st pair of autosomal chromosomes

86
Q

What are some characteristics of individuals with Down’s Syndrome?

A

Mental retardation, protruding eyes, and irregular physical structure

87
Q

What is Patau’s Syndrome?

A

A condition developed by an addition of an autosomal chromosome in the 13th chromosome

88
Q

What is Sickle Cell Anaemia?

A

A disorder where erythrocytes are destroyed more rapidly than normal, leading to anemia

89
Q

What is Phenylketonuria?

A

An inborn error of metabolism resulting in mental retardation caused by a change in the 12th autosomal chromosome

90
Q

What is Haemophilia?

A

A disorder linked to sex chromosomes that leads to failure of blood clotting

91
Q

What is color blindness?

A

A disorder that leads to failure to distinguish red and green colors, with the gene situated on sex chromosomes

92
Q

What is organic evolution?

A

The gradual change from lower categories of organisms to higher organisms

93
Q

What are homologous organs?

A

Organs that are different in function but similar in internal structure and embryonic development

94
Q

What are analogous organs?

A

Organs that look similar due to similar functions but have different internal structures and origins

95
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

Organs that appear functionless in an organism but were functional in their ancestors

96
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains of ancient plants or animals that provide evidence for evolution

97
Q

What is Archaeopteryx?

A

A fossil that resembles a bird but has features found in reptiles, serving as a connecting link

98
Q

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

A

A scientist who contributed to classification and proposed that no species is new; each originates from pre-existing species

99
Q

What theory did Jean Baptiste Lamarck propose?

A

The theory of inheritance of acquired characters, suggesting that use and disuse of organs lead to changes inherited by offspring

100
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of natural selection?

A

The principle that struggle among organisms for survival leads to the elimination of unfit individuals

101
Q

What is the Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution?

A

A theory that combines genetic variation and natural selection to explain the origin of species

102
Q

What is the red data book?

A

A book containing information about rare and endangered species of plants, animals, and fungi within a state

103
Q

Who proposed the recapitulation theory?

A

Ernst Haeckel

104
Q

What is the basic unit of biosystematics?

A

Species

105
Q

What is the correct taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

106
Q

What is numerical taxonomy?

A

A classification system based on all observable characteristics that can be easily carried out using computers

107
Q

What is the study of different types of trees and plants called?

A

Botany

108
Q

Who is known as the father of Botany?

A

Theophrastus

109
Q

What are Cryptogams?

A

Plants without seeds and flowers, including Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta

110
Q

What is Thallophyta?

A

The largest group of the plant kingdom, consisting of non-differentiated plants

111
Q

What is the study of algae called?

A

Phycology

112
Q

What is Mycology?

A

The study of fungi

113
Q

What is the structure formed by many fungi called?

A

Hyphae

114
Q

What are lichens?

A

The association of algae and fungi

115
Q

What are Bryophytes known as?

A

The first group of land plants

116
Q

What is the main characteristic of Pteridophytes?

A

Differentiated body into root, stem, and leaves, with reproduction occurring by spores

117
Q

What distinguishes Gymnosperms?

A

They bear naked seeds and have a woody, perennial structure

118
Q

What are Angiosperms?

A

Plants that have seeds found inside fruits

119
Q

What are Monocotyledons?

A

Plants with only one cotyledon in the seed

120
Q

What are Dicotyledons?

A

Plants with two cotyledons in the seed

121
Q

What are monocotyledon plants?

A

Plants with only one cotyledon in seed

Examples include Garlic, Onion, Wheat, Maize, Bamboo, Sugarcane, Rice, Bajra, etc.

122
Q

What are dicotyledon plants?

A

Plants with two cotyledons in seed

Examples include Radish, Turnip, Mustard, Jute, Lady’s finger, Babool, Ashok, Tamarind, and all Pulses.

123
Q

What is the role of xylem vessels in plants?

A

Water transport from roots to leaves

124
Q

What process in plants helps water move upward?

A

Transpiration pull, cohesion, and adhesion

125
Q

What is the significance of leaves in plants?

A

Leaves are the lungs of the plant

126
Q

What plant is known for producing coca and chocolate?

A

A shrub

127
Q

What is Trochodendron?

A

A vessel-less angiosperm

128
Q

What is the maximum fixation of solar energy done by?

A

Green plants

129
Q

What does Golden rice contain?

A

B-carotene gene from carrots

130
Q

Name three species that belong to the genus Solanum.

A
  • Potato
  • Tomato
  • Brinjal
131
Q

What is the botanical name of macaroni wheat?

A

Triticum durum

132
Q

What chemical in onions causes tears when chopped?

A

Sulphur-containing compounds

133
Q

What is crop rotation?

A

Growing different crops in succession on the same land

134
Q

What was the first herbicide produced in the world?

A

2, 4-D

135
Q

What is Eichhornia crassipes known as?

A

Terror of Bengal

136
Q

What is grafting?

A

An artificial method of asexual reproduction in plants

137
Q

What is osmosis in plants?

A

The physical process of water passing from soil into the root

138
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

Specialized respiratory roots in halophytes

139
Q

What is the common name for Drosera?

A

Venus flytrap

140
Q

What is the scientific name of tomato?

A

Lycopersicon esculentum

141
Q

What is the study of viruses called?

A

Virology

142
Q

Who discovered the virus?

A

Ivanovsky in 1892

143
Q

What are the two main components of a virus?

A
  • Nucleic acid
  • Protein
144
Q

What type of virus has RNA as genetic material?

A

Retrovirus

145
Q

What enzyme allows HIV integration into host DNA?

A

Integrase

146
Q

What is the main host for the Ebola virus?

A

Fruit bats

147
Q

What is the role of interferon?

A

Inhibits viral multiplication

148
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

A method to preserve milk by heating

149
Q

What is mycoplasma?

A

Smallest known prokaryotic cell

150
Q

What process is used to separate hair and fat from leather?

A

Tanning

151
Q

What is the function of nitrifying bacteria?

A

Convert ammonia or ammonium compounds into nitrates

152
Q

What is morphology in the context of plants?

A

Study of forms and features of different parts of plants

153
Q

What are the two types of roots?

A
  • Tap root
  • Adventitious root
154
Q

What is the modification of stem that stores food?

A

Tuber (e.g., Potato)

155
Q

What is pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen grains to stigma

156
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

Fusion of male and female gametes forming zygote, and fusion of another male gamete with polar nuclei

157
Q

What is parthenocarpy?

A

Development of fruit without fertilization

158
Q

What is the inflorescence of wheat?

A

Spike

159
Q

What are the three types of fruits?

A
  • Simple fruits
  • Aggregate fruits
  • Composite fruits
160
Q

What type of fruit is apple considered?

A

False fruit

161
Q

What is the edible part of an apple?

A

Fleshy thalamus

The fleshy thalamus is the part of the apple that is typically consumed.

162
Q

What is the mesocarp of a fruit?

A

The fleshy middle layer of the fruit

The mesocarp is the part of the fruit between the exocarp and endocarp.

163
Q

What is polyembryony?

A

Presence of more than one embryo in seed

The best example of polyembryony is found in citrus fruits.

164
Q

What is the liquid present in a coconut?

A

Water of coconut is liquid nucellus

The nucellus is part of the seed that surrounds the embryo.

165
Q

Which medicinal plant is used in skin care preparations?

A

Aloe vera

Aloe vera is commonly known for its soothing properties.

166
Q

What major pesticidal properties are present in the seed of which plant?

A

Neem

Neem seeds contain compounds that are effective against pests.

167
Q

What alkaloid is naturally found in coffee, cocoa, and cola nut?

A

Caffeine

Caffeine is known for its stimulant effects.

168
Q

What compound makes hot peppers hot?

A

Capsaicin

Capsaicin is the active component that gives peppers their heat.

169
Q

What is a clone in the context of plants?

A

A group of genetically identical individuals obtained through micropropagation

Clones are used to propagate desirable traits in plants.

170
Q

What is the origin place of maize?

A

America

Maize, also known as corn, is native to the Americas.

171
Q

What is the significance of seedless fruits in coconut and pomegranate?

A

Seedless fruits are of no use

Seedless fruits do not contribute to reproduction in these plants.

172
Q

What is papaya the source of?

A

Papain

Papain is an enzyme used for its digestive properties.

173
Q

What type of germination is found in mangrove plants?

A

Vivipary

Vivipary is a type of germination where seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant.

174
Q

What is morphine classified as?

A

A narcotic analgesic drug

Morphine is used to relieve severe pain.

175
Q

What is a tissue in biological terms?

A

A group of cells having common origin, usually performing a common function

Tissues are fundamental to the structure and function of organisms.

176
Q

What are the types of plant tissue?

A
  • Meristematic
  • Permanent
  • Complex

These categories help in understanding plant growth and structure.

177
Q

What are the types of simple permanent tissues in plants?

A
  • Parenchyma
  • Collenchyma
  • Sclerenchyma

These tissues serve various functions including support and storage.

178
Q

What are the two types of complex tissues in plants?

A
  • Xylem
  • Phloem

Xylem transports water and minerals, while phloem transports nutrients.

Biology (1 decks)

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