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biodiversity > lu8 P1 efforts to sustain biodiversity > Flashcards

lu8 P1 efforts to sustain biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biological diversity has important economic, technological and social implications for the nation.
6 of them are:

A
  1. Economic Benefits
  2. Food Security
  3. Environmental Stability
  4. National Biological Heritage
  5. Scientific, Educational and Recreational Values
  6. Biosafety
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2
Q

Food Security

Rice..

A
  • important staple food for Malaysians
  • a number of wild species and types of rice are found in the country.
  • protection of such biological diversity is critical for the breeding of improved varieties with higher yield and/or resistance to pests and diseases.
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2
Q

A variety of beneficial organisms and their habitats

A

important for ensuring the protection and productivity of our crops

example:
1. Bats and weevils: important pollinators of durian and petai, and oil palm respectively
1. Owls and snakes: control rat populations in rice fields and oil palm plantations.

  • Strict control over the introduction of pests and diseases from abroad is necessary - ensure the protection and productivity of our crops
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2
Q

Environmental stability

Ecological services, functions beneficial to humanity derived from ecosystems, include.. (8)

AWQ, MHR, SG, SWP, RN, ES, CS. OR

A
  • improvement of air and water quality
  • maintenance of hydrological regimes
  • soil generation
  • soil and watershed protection
  • recycling of nutrients
  • energy supply
  • carbon sequestration
  • oxygen release.
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2
Q

Mangrove swamps

A
  • Feeding and nursery grounds for fisheries
  • habitats of several of our important commercial fishes and shrimps that are important sources of protein for the nation.
  • This habitat requires protection for ensuring food security.
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3
Q

Scientific, Educational and Recreational Values

A

Our scientific base needs to be developed and strengthened so that opportunities in fields such as genetics, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and fisheries could be fully explored.

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3
Q

Looking into the function of ecological services in mangrove swamp area:

A
  • The variety of biological organisms in ecosystems helps to stabilise the environment
  • Thus, maintaining ecological services and providing human societies with a wide range of essential and basic amenities such as habitable environments, materials, water supply and productive soils in a sustainable manner, and aesthetic and recreational opportunities.
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3
Q

What are the major THREATS of human activities on biodiversity?

A
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4
Q

What are the CONSERVATION efforts that can be done to sustain the biodiversity?

A
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5
Q

Species Losses & Decline in Biodiversity

4 MAIN CAUSES (and 3 other causes)

(DE,HL,IS,EX) (PG, EP, CC)

A
  1. Direct exploitation
  2. Habitat loss and degradation
  3. Introduced species
  4. Extinction

other causes
5. Population growth
6. Environmental contaminants/pollution
7. Climate change

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6
Q

DIRECT EXPLOITATION

A
  • Humans cause extinction – by exploiting their populations.
  • Biodiversity is highly exploited & not sustainable.
  • Demand is increasing as tropical forests become more assessable for:
    – Wildlife food resources
    – Forest products hunting
    – Marine fisheries
  • History of human exploitation of resources teaches us that populations extremely abundant species can be reduced to low levels remarkably.
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7
Q

HABITAT LOSS, FRAGMENTATION AND DEGRADATION

A
  • Human disturbance is significant
  • Estimation of World habitat loss as follows:
    – Forest/woodland declined by - 29%
    – Steppe/savannah/grassland – 49%
    – Shrubland - 74%
    –Tundra/hot desert/ice desert – 14%
    – Cropland now covers – 11% of the land surface and Pasture - 23%
  • Forest clearing under valuing the natural forest resources – allowing conversion to agricultural land.
    Predicted species – area relationships, land use changes – causes loss of many species , risk of species extinction.
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8
Q

Causes of habitat loss

A
  • logging or timber harvesting
  • small holder farming
  • plantations
  • clear felling
  • arable farming
  • livestock farming
  • infrastructure development
  • human settlement
  • grazing
  • shifting cultivation
  • deforestation for timber
  • mining
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8
Q

DEFORESTATION

What is deforestation?

Why it occurs?

Other than loss of biodiversity resources, what other effect can deforestation create to the environment?

Steps in preventing deforestation
Activities which promote greater biodiversity creation: reforestation
Does planting tree is sufficient?

A
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8
Q

example of invasive spevies

A
  1. zebra mussels in many countries worldwide – native to southern Russia
  2. asian carps – united states
  3. Elephant Thorn (Mimosa pigra) – Malaysian landscape
  4. Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
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8
Q

WHAT IS INTRODUCED SPECIES

A
  • Introduced non-domesticated species to area which would not occur naturally.
  • Some introduction have enriched human existence and most invaders have minor consequences
  • Rule of thumb – 10% - become established 10% of those established become pest
  • Some can have negative effect – very large
  • Introduce species – alter nutrient regime, fire regimes, hydrology or energy budgets, change vegetation or habitat and drive changes in abundance and distribution of native species , to extinct.
8
Q

Species Are Dying Due to Multiple Causes (2)

A
  • Natural extinctions are due to competition and natural disasters
  • Man-made species reductions have several causes:
    – Human activities
    – Other examples?
    over-hunting – fashion (fur, ivory); traditional medicines (e.g. rhino horn; pangolin)
    extinction of many species of whales and African large mammals.
9
Q

POPULATION GROWTH

what is?

A
  • A scenario whereby the natality of the population maintain or increase & low mortality rate occurs
  • How does population growth affect the loss in biodiversity?
    – Competition for food, space, shelter and etc..
    – Introduction of invasive species
  • Land area - 148,940,000 km2 (29.2 %)
  • Water area - 361,132,000 km2 water (70.8 %)
    – Current space enough to fit everyone of us?
10
Q

One of the great concern and threat to biodiversity loss

A

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT

11
Q

Factors causing environmental contaminant which lead to biodiversity loss:

A
  • Natural cause
    – Unavoidable but controllable
    – Needs remediation measures
  • Human activities
    – Litter, dumping of harmful wastes, habits, development process
12
Q

What is climate change?

A
  • changes in weather patterns over period of years; changes in average weather conditions, which may caused by factors that include oceanic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions, and human-induced alterations of the natural world; these latter effects are currently causing global warming
  • “climate change” is often used to describe human-specific impacts.
  • For example coral reefs -which are biodiversity hotspots- will be lost in 20 to 40 years if global warming continues at the current trend.
12
Q

SUMMARY

A
  • Biodiversity loss as epitomized by species extinctions has been taking place as a consequence of human activities for along time, initially associated with the colonization of human activities for along time, by pre-historic peoples.
  • Recorded 1000 recorded extinctions of plants and animals
  • Impeding extinction rates are estimated to be orders of magnitude greater than the background rates seen in the fossils records

biodiversity (7 decks)

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