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ABI > LU3 pt. 1 > Flashcards

LU3 pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

XXX XXX and XXX XXX are amongst the fastest growing areas of corporate and government software investment.

A

XKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTX and XCOLLABORATION SYSTEMSX are amongst the fastest growing areas of corporate and government software investment.

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2
Q

Important pattern from data to wisdom:

A

Data -> Information -> Knowledge -> Wisdom

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3
Q

What is Data?

A

A flow of events or transactions captured by an organisations systems
that, by itself, is useful for transacting but little else.

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4
Q

How to turn Data into Information:

A

To turn data into useful information, a firm must expend resources to
organise data into categories of understanding, such as monthly, daily, regional, or store-based reports of total sales.

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5
Q

How to transform Information into Knowledge:

A

To transform information into knowledge, a firm must expend additional
resources to discover patterns, rules, and contexts where the knowledge works.

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6
Q

What is Wisdom?

A

Wisdom is thought to be the collective and individual experience of
applying knowledge to the solution of problems. Wisdom involves where, when, and how to apply knowledge.

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7
Q

Knowledge is a XXX, even a XXX event that takes place inside people’s heads. It is also stored in libraries, records, shared in lectures, etc.

A

Knowledge is a XCOGNITIVEX, even a XPHYSIOLOGICALX event that takes place inside people’s heads. It is also stored in libraries, records, shared in lectures, etc.

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8
Q

What is tacit knowledge?

A

Knowledge residing in the minds of employees that has not been documented.

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9
Q

What is explicit knowledge?

A

Knowledge that has been documented.

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10
Q

Knowledge can be both:

A

Situational and Contextual.

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11
Q

Types of decisions:

A

Structured

Unstructured

Semi-structured

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12
Q

What are structured decisions?

A

They are repetitive and routine and involve a definite procedure for
handling them so that they do not have to be treated each time as if they were
new. (lower organisations levels)

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13
Q

What are unstructured decisions?

A

Decisions in which the decision maker must provide judgement,
evaluation, and the insight to solve the problem; each of these decisions is novel,
important and non routine and there is no well-understood or agreed-upon
procedure for making them.
(Higher organisation levels)

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14
Q

What are semi-structured decisions?

A

Decisions which have elements of both structure and unstructured. Only
part of the problem has a clear-cut answer provide by an accepted procedure.
(Middle management)

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15
Q

A XXX XXX to information requirements, strategic analysis, or critical
success factors argues that an organisations information requirements are
determined by a small number of XXX XXX XXX of managers.

A

A XSTRATEGIC APPROACHX to information requirements, strategic analysis, or critical
success factors argues that an organisations information requirements are
determined by a small number of XKEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS (KPIS)X of managers.

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16
Q

KPIs are shaped by:

A

The industry, the firm, the manager, and the broader

environment.

17
Q

If a company wants to know which product is the most popular or who is its most
profitable customers, the answer lies in the:

A

DATA.

18
Q

What is Big Data?

A

It describes data sets with volumes so huge that they are beyond the ability of typical DBMS to capture store, and analyse.

Big data is produced in much larger quantities and much more rapidly than
traditional data.

19
Q

Why are businesses interested in Big Data?

A

Because they can reveal more patterns and interesting relationships than smaller data sets, which is potential to provide insights into customer behaviour, etc.

20
Q

Tools-facilitating big data analysis:

A
  • Data warehouses and data marts
  • Hadoop
  • In-memory computing
  • Analytical platforms
21
Q

Data warehouses and data marts:

A

Traditional tool for analysing corporate data for the past two decades
A data warehouse is a database that extracts and stores current and historical data of potential
interest to decision makers throughout the company.
Data originates from in many core operational transaction systems: systems for
sales, customer accounts, manufacturing and data from website transactions.

22
Q

What is a data mart?

A

A subset of a data warehouse in which a summarised or highly focussed portion of the organisation’s data is placed in a separate database for a specific population of users.

23
Q

HADOOP

A

Hadoop is an open source of software framework managed by the Apache Software Foundation that enables distributed parallel processing of huge amounts of data across inexpensive computers.

It breaks a big data problem down into sub-problems, distributes them among up to
thousands of inexpensive computer processing nodes, and then combines the result
into a smaller data set that is easier to analyse
27 of 74Andrada Trifan Summary ABI
example: find the best airfare, get directions to a place, do a google search
It consists of key services:
- Hadoop Distributed File Systems (HDFS) for data storage
- MapReduce for high-performance parallel data processing

24
Q

In-memory computing:

A

It relies on computer main memory (RAM) for data storage; Accessing data in
memory eliminates seek time when querying the data, which provides faster and
more predictable performance than disk.

25
Q

Analytical platforms:

A

Commercial database vendors have developed specialised high-speed analytic
platforms using both relational and non-relational technology that are optimised
for analysing large data sets.

An analytics platform is a full-featured technology solution designed to address the
needs of large enterprises. Typically, it joins different “tools and analytics systems
together with an engine to execute, a database or repository to store and manage
the data, data mining processes, and techniques and mechanisms for obtaining and
preparing data that is not stored.

26
Q

Structured methodologies (top-down) for modelling designing systems.

A

Used to document, analyse and design information systems. Refers to the fact that the techniques are step by step.

27
Q

What is a data flow diagram (DFD)? (Structured methodologies)

A

Primary tool for representing a system’s component processes and the flow of data between them.

  • Logical graphic model of information flow
  • Rounded boxes are processes, which portray the transformation of data
  • Square box represents an external entity which is an originator or receiver of
    information located outside
  • Open rectangles represents data stores which are manual or automated
    inventories of data
  • Arrows represent data flows, which show the movement between processes,
    external entities and data stores; they contain packets of data with the name or
    content of each data flow listed beside the arrow
  • A process can be broken down into successive levels of details
28
Q

What is a data directory? (Structured methodologies)

A

It contains information about individual pieces of data and data grouping within a system.

Defines the contents of data flows.

Process specifications describe the transformation occurring within the lowest
level of the data flow diagrams.

Structure chart is a top-down chart, showing each level of design, its
relationships to other levels and its place in the overall design structure. It can
document one program, one system or part of one program.

29
Q

What is Object-Oriented Development?

A

Uses the object as the basic unit of systems analysis and design. Handles the modelling of data well.

  • Based on the concept of class and inheritance
  • More iterative (doing something again and again) and incremental (series of
  • Object-oriented modelling is based on the concept of class and inheritance
  • Employee is the common ancestor or superclass for the other three classes
  • More interactive and
    incremental than traditional structured development
  • The object-oriented design phase describes how the objects will behave and how they will interact with one another
- Similar objects are grouped together to form a class, and classes are grouped into 
hierarchies in which a subclass inherits the attributes and methods from its 
superclass.
30
Q

Advantage of Object-Oriented Development

A

Objects are re-usable, therefore could reduce the time and cost of writing software because organisations can re-use software objects that have already been created as building blocks for other applications.

31
Q

What is Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE)?

A

Provides software tools to automate the methodologies previously described to read the amount of repetitive work the developer needs to do.

Also facilitates the creation of clear documentation and the coordination of team development efforts.

Tools provide graphic facilities.

32
Q

How do CASE tools increase productivity?

A

I. Enforcing a standard development methodology and design discipline

II. Improving communication between users and technical specialists

III. Organising and correlating design components and providing rapid access to
them using a design repository

IV. Automating tedious and error-prone portions of analysis and design

V. Automating code generation and testing and control rollout

ABI (8 decks)

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