LTC

Question 1

What is Piaget’s theory of language and thought?

Answer 1

Piaget thought that children develop language by matching correct words to their existing knowledge. This means that understanding comes first and then language. Language can only be used at a level that marches our cognitive development.

Question 2

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

0-2

Babies just copy sounds they heard others making

Question 3

Pre-operational stage

Answer 3

2-7

Children use language to voice their internal thoughts, rather than communicate with others

Question 4

Concrete stage

Answer 4

7-11

The ability to use language has developed a lot but can only be used to talk about actual concrete things

Question 5

Formal operational stage

Answer 5

11+

Language can be used to talk about abstract and theoretical ideas

Question 6

Eval of Piaget’s theory

Answer 6

:) I explains how language development is not random. When children start talking they often use two-word phrases e.g ‘Mummy sock’ This shows that children understand the relationship between people and objects before they can talk properly.

:( Piaget’s theory has been criticized because of the way he collected data. He used his own children and small samples that are representative of most children. This reduces the generalizability of the results gathered from the research.

Question 7

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 7

t suggests that our thoughts and behaviors are affected and formed by the language we speak. This means that cultures with different languages also have different ways of thinking and understanding things.

Question 8

Eval of Sapir Whorf

Answer 8

:) Many languages in Native America dont have separate words for blue and green, and research has found that English speakers perceive bigger differences in shades of blue and green (e.g the russian language has different words for igniter and darker blues and they are quicker at spotting this difference)

:( People who grow up not able to talk or who lose the ability to talk are still able to think. This suggests that language doesn’t determine thought and that understanding comes first as piaget suggested.

Question 9

Variation in recognition of color

Answer 9

The language we speak can lead us to focus on certain ways of seeing things and make some ways of thinking more likely than others

(e.g native americans with blue & green)

Question 10

Variation in recall of events

Answer 10

Researches studied how English speakers and Spanish speakers described intended and accidental actions. Participants were asked about seeing someone accidentally bump into and knock a vase to the floor. When the action was intended all participants identified the person doing it. But when it was accidental, the English speakers identified the person more than spanish speakers.

Question 11

4 main functions of animal communication

Answer 11

Survival
Reproduction
Territory
Food

Question 12

Survival

Answer 12

The vervet monkey sound a specific alarm call to warn other monkeys that a particular predator is around. This means the alarm call increases survival as other monkeys will run or hide.

Question 13

Reproduction

Answer 13

To attract a mate, male peacocks use a mating display to signal to female peacocks that they want to reproduce. This communicates the male’s genetic fitness- bright feathers represent good health.

Question 14

Territory

Answer 14

Many animals mark their territory using the signal of scent marking. using their urine, they discourage other animals from invading their territory. This is a better way to show dominance that having to fight to defend territory.

Question 15

Food

Answer 15

Many animals use signals to draw attention to found sources. Bee’s use dance like movements to communicate how far away food is to the rest of the hive. When close, bee’s fly in a round dance, when further away they perform a waggle dance.

Question 16

Von frisch’s bee study: aim

Answer 16

To investigate how bees communicate the location of a food source to each other.

Question 17

Von-frisch’s bee study: method

Answer 17

Gas’s containers filled with sugar water were placed at different locations. A hive with glass sides was used to enlist observe the bee’s behavior. When the bees visited the containers of sugar water to feed they were marked with a tiny spot of different colored paint. The researchers recorded the movements that the bees made

Question 18

Von-frisch’s bee study: results

Answer 18

The bees made different movements depending on how far away the food source was from the hive. When the food was no further than 100 meters the bees did a dance by turning in rapid circles. When the food was moved further away, the bees performed a waggle dance. Von frisch found that the number of turns a bee makes in a 15 seconds waggle dancing is actually communication how far away the food source is.

Question 19

Von frisch’s bee study: conclusion

Answer 19

Von Frisch concluded that bees use a variety of different movements to communicate to each other the distance and direction of food sources

Question 20

Eval of Von-frisch

Answer 20

:) His research was some of the earliest into animal communication and encouraged others to carry out research in this area. A number of other researchers have replicated the study and found the same results. This increases the reliability.

:( Criticized as he overlooked the importance of sound. Other researchers have found that sometimes the bees do this dance in silence. When this a happens, other bees don’t follow. But when its done with sounds, then others will follow.

Question 21

Body language

Answer 21

A general term to describe aspects of non-verbal communication

Question 22

Eye contact

Answer 22

When two people in conversation are looking at each others eyes at the same time

Question 23

Non-verbal communication

Answer 23

Conveying messages without the use of words

Question 24

Verbal communication

Answer 24

Conveying messages using words

Question 25

Functions of eye contact

Answer 25

Flow of conversation

Expressing emotion

Question 26

Flow of conversation

Answer 26

Eye movements are used to signal turn taking in a conversation. When someone is about to finish speaking they give the other person a prolonged look. So when we cant see the others persons eyes we are unsure when their turn to speak is finishing.

Question 27

Flow of conversation: research

Answer 27

Pairs of participants were observed having a conversation. In some conversations, a participant was given sunglasses. The results showed that there were more pauses and interruptions when dark glasses were worn. This shows that a function of eye contact is the smooth flow of conversation

Question 28

Expressing emotion

Answer 28

Pupil dilation can express emotion. When young men were shown almost identical pictures of the same woman and asked which picture is more attractive, the majority picked the picture of the woman who’s pupils had been altered to look dilated.

Question 29

Eval of studies into eye contact

Answer 29

:) People with autism have problems with social communication and reading others emotions. This is because autistic people often find it hard to make eye contact when interacting with others. Studies have shows how important it is to make eye contact to interpret and express emotion. this suggests we should teach autistic people to make more eye contact to help them manage social situations better

:( A lot of the studies into eye contact lack ecological validity. Therefore the behavior produced in the research may not be accurate to real life, therefore bringing the reliability of the research down

Question 30

Open posture

Answer 30

Having your arms uncrossed and relaxed

Question 31

Closed posture

Answer 31

Crossing your arms whilst in conversation

Question 32

Postural echo

Answer 32

People who like eachother tend to copy or mirror each other’s posture. Research has found that when someone mirrors your posture and shows postural echo its an unconscious sign of friendliness and people are more liked because of it

Question 33

Touch

Answer 33

Touch is a very powerful signal that can produce unconscious emotional reactions. There are huge cultural differences in the amount o permitted touch between individuals. British society seems to be more restricted than other western societies, and there are big differences in between genders too

Question 34

Research about touch

Answer 34

Conducted in a library, librarian was told to briefly touch the hand of some of the students when they returned a book, showed that even though they were not aware that they had been touched, those that had. had a much more positive attitude towards the library and librarian.

Question 35

Evaluation of body language studies

Answer 35

:) Real world applications
Findings from studies can be applied to the real world e.g people who are trying to create a good relationship with others should use an open posture, postural echo and touch. This could be used by doctors etc. to improve trust in their relationships

:( Body language studies are unethical. Most of them lack informed consent.

Question 36

Personal space: gender

Answer 36

Men tend to have bigger personal space than women and both genders prefer to have a greater amount of personal space between themselves and members of the opposite sex

Question 37

Personal space: cultural differences

Answer 37

Research has found that cultural norms also affect personal space. Groups of white english people and groups of Arab people were observed having conversations. results showed that the comfortable conversation distance for white English people was 1-1.5 m but for the arabs it was much less than that

Question 38

Personal space: status

Answer 38

Status is defined as someone’s rank or position. Research has shown that people of lower status stand close to people alike but further from people of higher status. Also people of higher status feel freer than people of lower status to choose how close they get to someone

Question 39

Eval of personal space

Answer 39

:) Real world applications. Understanding cultural and gender differences in personal space can help us avoid offending people in real life. Eg, knowing that some people prefer larger amounts of personal space, we know to keep our distance.

:( Over simplistic. Research only considers one factor at a time. In reality, several factors may be affecting personal space at any one time: gender, culture and status.

Question 40

Darwin’s theory

Answer 40

Suggests several principles for the evolution of non-verbal communication that expresses emotions.

Question 42

Innate

Answer 42

Inborn or inherited- that is not learned

Question 43

Learned

Answer 43

Abilities of characteristics gained through experience

Question 44

Serviceable behaviors

Answer 44

One that has a purpose. For example, humans may have used biting as an early form of self-defence. In the same way that many animals do, they may have exposed their teeth as a threat signal. But now the behavior does not have the same purpose

Question 45

Principle of actions due to the constitution of the nervous system

Answer 45

Some forms of non-verbal communication are made by our nervous system. Dilated pupils and an open mout are part of a scared facial expression but are also causes by our nervous system

Question 46

How facial expressions help with our survival (pupil dilation)

Answer 46

pupil dilation increases visual information (potentially allowing us to see the best way to avoid danger)

Question 47

How facial expressions help with our survival (open mouth)

Answer 47

Increases oxygen supply, allowing us to move away from a threat faster

Question 48

Eval of Darwin’s theory

Answer 48

:) Research to support Darwin’s claims. Medical evidence supports the idea that the function of our nervous system causes certain actions, such as pupil dialation. This increases the validity of the theory.

:( Some behaviors are both innate and learnt. We are born with the ability to cry but these behaviors can happen spontaneously. This reduces the validity of the theory.

Question 49

Is non-verbal behaviour innate?

Answer 49

Darwin believed that facial expressions are the same in all cultures and are therefore innate and not learned. Some research also suggests that the 6 universal facial expressions are recognized by most cultures

Question 50

Emotion expression in neonates

Answer 50

The younger a baby is, the less likely it is that they have learned them by observing others- this supports the idea that its nature

Question 51

Sighted and blind athletes research

Answer 51

Researchers used 4800 photos of sighted and blind athletes and found that they both expressed emotions in similar ways. This suggests that facial expressions are nature

Question 52

True smile

Answer 52

Causes the eyes to narrow and the cheeks to rise

Question 53

Yukis emoticon study: aim

Answer 53

To investigate if culture affects how facial cues are used when understanding other peoples emotions

Question 54

Yukis emoticons study: design

Answer 54

A questionnaire with standard questions, and a rating scale of 1 to 9. Participants were American and Japanese students.

Question 55

Yukis emoticons study: method

Answer 55

Yuki showed participants emoticons with 6 different combinations of eyes and mouths. The eyes and mouths were happy neutral or sad. Participants were asked to rate how happy they though each face was.

Question 56

Yukis emoticons study: results

Answer 56

The Japanese students gave the highest ratings to the faces with happy eyes and the lowest ratings to the faces with the sad eyes. The american students gave the highest ratings to the faces with happy mouths and the lowest ratings to the faces with the sad mouths. This suggests that Japanese and American people give more weight to different parts of the face when interpreting emotion. The Japanese focus more on the eyes, while Americans focus more on the mouth. This may lead to a difference in their understanding of social expressions.

Question 57

Yukis emoticons study: conclusion

Answer 57

Yuki concluded that people learn their own cultures norms for the expression and interpretation of emotions.

Question 58

Social smile

Answer 58

Uses the mouth muscles