LSW Exam Flashcards
Id
def: primitive drives, instinctual needs
properties: need gratifying, primary process thinking, unconscious discharge tension
Ego
def: mediator between id and superego & between internal/external reality
properties: defense mechanisms
Superego
def: conscience, ego ideal
properties: right and wrong, uses internal/external rewards and punishments to control and regulate id impulse
fixation
a failure to resolve a conflict (psychoanalytic theory)
three levels of mental activity
unconscious: thoughts, feelings, desires, memories (unaware)
preconscious: thoughts & feels brought to consciousness easily
conscious: mental activities - fully aware
Stages of Psychosexual Development
1) Oral (0-18mos) world explored through mouth, dependency needs externally met, libido centered onn oral
2) Anal (18-36mos) elimination/retention, holding on, letting go, impulse regulation beginning, some self-control
3) Phallic/oedipal (36mos-6yrs) affection directed at opp. sex parent, rival w/same sex parent, genital investment
4) Latency (6-11yrs) formal learning occurs, peer friendships, same-sex peer relationships primary, energy invested outside family
5) Genital (11-15yrs puberty & 11-19yrs adolescence) intense love capable of sexualization, egotistic and altruistic, ambivalence toward parents and other adults
Psycho-social Theory
Erikson
Personality develops with interaction and mastery of social environment.
Trust vs Mistrust
Erikson 0-12mos -sufficient supplies enable assurance of care -soothing to prevent overstimulation -certainty of mother
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
Erikson 18-36mos -verbal and conceptual stim -language dev -permission to explore w/protection against danger -beginning differentiation
Initiative vs Guilt
Erikson 3-6yrs -begin. to be away from home -play w/peers -pride in self/achievements -separate from parents -superego dev
Industry vs Inferiority
Erikson 6-11 yrs -conformity in educational institution -->some sacrifice of creativity/imagination -intellectual/social mastery -cooperation with others
Identity vs Role Confusion
Erikson 11-18yrs -partial sep. from parents -peer relationships are primary -sexual identity confirmed -conformity within group -dev of vocational goal -second individuation phase
Intimacy vs Isolation
Erikson Erikson 19-30yrs -leaving home -dev of career -intimate relationships -commitments to sex, role identity, occupation, social role
Generativity vs Stagnation
Erikson
30-65yrs
-achievement of stable new family
-achievement and productivity in vocational area
Ego Identity vs Despair
Erikson 65+yrs -acceptance of mortality -satisfaction of previous life roles -opp for further self-dev -adequacy in dealing with loss (death/illness)
Separation-Individuation Theory
Margaret Mahler
- dev of consolidated sense of self as result of separation and individuation from love object
- 0-3yrs
- leads to object constancy
1) Attachment
- Normal Autism: 0-2/3mos - someone meets all physiological needs, stimulus barrier, alert inactivity
- Normal Symbiosis 2-5/6mos - “I vs Not I”, omnipotent fusion w/mother, mutual cueing w/mother
2) Separation
- Hatching 6-8/9mos - alert when awake, exploration of others, observation/peek-a-boo, discrimination of mother vs others, stranger anxiety
- Practicing 9-18mos - optimal distance, upright mobility, height of narcissism, trying out autonomous skills,
3) Individuation/Rapproachement
- Beg 15-22mos - disengagement vs intense need for attention, resurgence of stranger anxiety, shares discoveries, identifies body as own, attaches to others when mother absent
- Rapp. to Crisis Proper 24-30mos - ambivalent behaviors (clinging/demanding), splitting of self, transitional objects help, can leave mother vs being left
- Res. of Crisis 30-36mos - language dev, play masters anxiety, internalization of parental demands, dev own means to solve dilemmas
4)Object Constancy 36+mos - ok w/mother leaving bc understands she will return, memory retention, play is purposeful and constructive, unified self and other image (good/bad)
Cognitive Developmental Theory
Jean Piaget
4 stages completed by 11yrs
1) Sensorimotor: 0-2yrs
- intentional actions, signal-meaning, language beginning
2) Pre-Operational: 2-7yrs
- night terrors/magical thinking, concrete thinking, egocentric, centered on one detail or event
3) Concrete Operations: 7-11yrs
- beg of abstract thought, fairness is issue, cause/effect understood, comprehension of past/present/future, logical implications understood, reversible thinking
4) Formal Operations: 11+yrs
- higher level abstract thinking, planning for future, perspective-taking,
Moral Development Theory
Lawrence Kohlberg
Need higher levels of cognitive reasoning to achieve moral reasoning. Levels of moral reasoning:
Stage I: Pre-conventional - based on avoiding punishment/serve own needs, “right” is relative
Stage II: Conventional - need to look good in own/other’s eyes, maintain social system
Stage III: greater moral principles, sense of personal commitment to do what is right, greater good
Stages of Death & Dying
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Problem-Solving Approach
Helen Harris Perlman
4 P’s (person, problem, place, process) looked at during process of change
Psychsocial Approach
Florence Hollis
- People seen in context of interactions/transactions with external world.
- Need formal medical, psychological, social history
Crisis Intervention
Naomi Golan
- Brief intervention of 6-8 wks
- Goals:
1. relieve stress w/social-emotional resources
2. return to previous level of functioning
3. help strengthen coping mechanisms and dev adaptive coping strategies
Classical Conditioning/Respondent
Ivan Pavlov
- stimulus-response
- dog/bell/food
Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner
ABCs of behavior & FBA
Used mostly for sexual dysfunction, phobic disorders, compulsive behaviors, DD/autism
Rational Emotive Therapy
- Cog-oriented approach
- Change client irrational arguments thru argument, persuasion, rational re-evaluation, teaching client to counter self-defeating thinking w/new non-distressing self-statements
Gestalt
experiences not isolated but part of perceptual system of interdependent factors - tx is experiential, here/now, used with groups/indiv
Structural Family Therapy
Salvador Minuchin
importance of family organization –>functioning/well-being of group
-boundaries (interpersonal, w/outside world, generational), enmeshment
-interventions: family mapping, parent training, strengthening co-parent relationships, building family hierarchy, enactment, joining
Multi-generational approach
Murray Bowen
family issues result of unfinished business in family of origin relationships; problems are fusion/inadequate individuation
Goal: increase differentiation of individuals and avoid triangulation/emotional cut-offs
Interventions: genogram, extensive history-taking, education about impact of family system on current family system
Strategic Family Therarpy
Jay Haley/Palo Alto Group
- All problems have multiple origins; presenting problem is symptom/response to current dysfunction in family interaction
- Therapy focuses on altering feedback style
- Techniques: relabeling, reframing, directives,
Concurrent therapy
tx of two or more people - usually seen by different therapists
Conjoint therapy
tx of 2 or more people in sessions together
Object Relations
internalized images of self and others based on early parent-child interactions which determine a person’s mode of relationship to other people
Object Relations Theory
Melanie Klein & British School
-Stresses object-seeking propensity of infant instead of focusing exclusively on libidinal and aggressive drives
Undifferentiated family ego mass
the emotional fusion or enmeshment of a family
Stages of Group Development
- Forming/Pre-Affiliation: dev of trust
- Storming/Power&Control: struggle for indiv autonomy and group identification
- Norming/Intimacy: utilizing self-service in group
- Performing/Differentiation: acceptance of each other as distinct individuals
- Adjourning/separation&termination: independence
Primary prevention
to prevent; aimed at reducing the prevalence of a problem by reducing incidence of new cases; creating environments that promote mental health
(Ex: teen pregnancy - boys/girls clubs)
Secondary prevention
to treat symptoms; reduce prevalence by reducing duration thru early detection/intervention
(Ex: teen pregnancy - groups for expectant mothers)
Tertiary prevention
to reduce disability in chronic problems; reduce duration of problem by reducing negative after-effects
(Ex: teen pregnancy - daycare in HS)
6 Basic Functions of SW
- help people to effectively utilize own problem-solving & coping capacities
- est linkages between people/resources
- facilitate relationships between people/resource systems
- contribute to development/modification of social policy
- distribute resources
- serve as agents of social control
Social Casework
Restoring, sustaining, enhancing individually satisfactory and socially acceptable functioning
- determine nature of problem
- restore/sustain/enhance satisfactory and socially-acceptable social functioning
- spell out details
Interviewing Process Phase 1
Initial Contact (intake interview)
Interviewing Process Phase 2
Phase 1: Initial Interviews directed at exploration, assessment, and planning
A. Engaging client
B. Fact-gathering: assessment of problem
C. Assessment or Diagnosis
D. Determination of Goals/Dev of Tx Contract
Suicide Stats
- males complete suicide 4x more than females
- highest risk - males 75+
- attempts 3-6x more likely for females
- men higher risk for guns/hanging
- woman higher risk for pills/gas
- caucasians 2x more likely than AA
Clinical Factors that increase suicide risk
- presence of clinical depression
- hx of previous attempts
- alcohol abuse
- impairment in rational thinking
- lack of social supports
- recent losses
- decline in physical health
- hostile interpersonal environ.
- recent discharge from medical or psychiatric hospital
Phase II: Treatment Interventions
Interventions:
- Direct (sustainment, direct influence, exploration/description/ventilation, person-in-situation reflection, pattern-dynamic reflection, developmental reflection)
- Indirect/Environmental interventions (resource development, interpreter/mediator between clt and environ, intervention in environment)
Phase II: Treatment Techniques
Techniques:
- Self-awareness and self-understanding
- Ethical decision-making
- Talking and listening basic interpersonal skills
- Exploring
- Assessing
- Contracting
Phase III: Termination & Evaluation
A. Planned
B. Unplanned/forced
Elements: discussion of progress, feelings, dev of plan for maintaining progress, recommendations/referrals
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Intellectual Disability
- Communication Disorders
- ASD
- ADHD
- SLD
- Motor disorders
- Tic disorders
- Other Neurodevelopmental disorders
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders
-Abnormalities in one or more of 5 domains
-spectrum from Schizotypal personality d/o (odd and eccentric symptoms w/o break in reality) to schizophrenia (hallucinations/delusions)
Ex: Schizotypal Personality, Delusional, Brief Psychotic, Schizophreniform, Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective, Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic, etc.
Positive Symptoms
Domain for Schizophrenia Spectrum, etc.
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
Negative Symptoms
Domain for Schizophrenia Spectrum, etc.
diminished emotional expression, avolition
Bipolar & Related Disorders
Disorders including manic, hypermanic, and depressive symptoms
Includes: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymia,
Depressive Disorders
Disorders with presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that affect capacity to function.
Includes: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation, Major Depressive, Persistent Depressive (Dysthymia), Pre-menstrual Dysphoric
Anxiety Disorders
Disorders involving persistent/excessive fear and anxiety.
Includes: Separation Anxiety, Selective Mutism, Specific Phobia, Panic, Agoraphobia, GAD
Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders
Disorders with presence of obsessions and/or compulsions that are excessive and persistent
Includes: OCD, Body Dysmorphic, Hoarding, Trichotillomania,
Trauma & Stressor-Related Disorders
Disorders in which exposure to stressful event listed.
Includes: Reactive Attachment, Disinhibited Social Engagement, PTSD, Acute Stress, Adjustment
Dissociative Disorder
Disorders in which there is a loss of continuity of experience, fragmentation of identity
Includes: Dissociative Identity, Dissociative Amnesia, Depersonalization/Derealization
Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders
Disorders characterized by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to somatic symptoms
Includes: Somatic Symptom, Illness Anxiety (hypochondria), Conversion Disorder, Factitious (Munchaussen)
Feeding & Eating Disorders
Disorders related to persistent disturbance of eating/eating-related behavior
Includes: Pica, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder
Elimination Disorders
Disorders that involve inappropriate elimination of urine/feces - diagnosed in childhood/adolescence
Includes: Enuresis, Encopresis
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Disorders involving sleep-wake complaints including quality, timing, amount, daytime distress
Includes: Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Nightmare Disorder, Restless Leg Syndrome
Sexual Dysfunction
Disorders involving clinically significant disturbance in person’s ability to respond sexually or experience sexual pleasure
Gender Dysphoria
Disorders where there is a marked difference between person’s expressed gender and gender assigned to him/her
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, & Conduct Disorders
Disorders with a significant lack of emotional and behavioral self-control
Includes: ODD, Intermittent Explosive, Conduct, Antisocial Personality
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Disorders due to drugs taken in excess
Neurocognitive Disorders
Disorders with core feature being a deficit in cognitive function that is acquired vs developmental
Includes domains of complex attention, executive functioning, learning/memory, expressive/receptive language, perceptual/motor, social cognition
Includes: Dementia, Major or Mild Neurocognitive D/O
Personality Disorders
Disorders diagnosed 18+ with behavior deviating from expected, onset in adolescence/adulthood, leads to distress
Includes: Borderline, Narcissistic, Antisocial,
Paraphillic Disorders
Intense and persistent interest in sexual arousal and gratification
Medication-Induced Movement Disorders & Other Adverse Effects of Medication
Disorders including: Tardive Dyskinesia, Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome, Other Adverse Effects of Medication
Values of Social Work
- service
- social justice
- dignity and worth of the person
- importance of human relationships
- integrity
- competence
Steps in research
- problem formulation (hypothesis)
- study design
- methodology
- data collection
- analysis of results
- dissemination of results
independent variable
explanatory variable - causes the change
dependent variable
response variable - responds to change
intervening variable
factors that increase or decrease effect of independent variable
quasi-experimental design
study with two or more groups and two different interventions (can be control)
uses pre/post test
single subject design
study with one client or one client system
useful for private practice
probability sample
sample of random selection - every individual considered for study has equal opportunity to be included in the sample
non-probability sample
sample of whoever is available/willing to participate
correlation coefficient
numerical index indicating degree to which two variables are associated with each other
“r”
closer “r” gets to 1 - stronger association, closer to 0= weaker
reliability
consistency in the measurement of a variable
validity
- internal: confidence with which we can say that a relationship exists between variables
- external: how valid results are for other population; generalizability
Ethical issues in research
- informed consent
- voluntary participation
- confidentiality
- do not harm
Needs assessment
to verify a problem exists
population at risk
segment of population that is likely to develop a condition
population at need
group of potential targets who currently have condition
incidence
number of new cases of a problem that are identified or arise during a specified time
prevalence
number of existing cases at a specified time
Procedures for identifying targets
- Key Informant Approach
- Community Forum Approach
- Rates under treatment
- Social Indicators Approach
- Surveys & Census
Theory X
management style oriented to the tasks which need to be accomplished (McGregor’s Theory)
Theory Y
management style oriented to the growth and skills of the individual (McGregor’s Theory)
