LSW content review 2024 Flashcards

Question

Operant conditioning techniques: Positive punishment

Answer 1

giving something to discourage behavior

Answer 2

removing something to discourage behavior

Answer 3

behavioral therapy that repeatedly pairs an unwanted behavior with discomfort

Answer 4

teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension

Answer 5

Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior to decrease behavior.

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Intensive type of exposure therapy. Procedure in which a client’s anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli.

Answer 7

Therapy to reduce or eliminate phobias, in which the client in real life is exposed to stimuli that induce anxiety.

Answer 8

involves an individual (the model) demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client.

Answer 9

Type of CBT An action-oriented approach focused on helping people deal with irrational beliefs and learning how to manage their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a healthier, more realistic way

Answer 10

Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Answer 11

aka graduated exposure therapy; takes longer than in vivo desensitization; shares elements of CBT and ABA

Answer 12

Children are sexual even before birth. Infants touch genitals bc it provides pleasure.

Answer 13

Many begin to imitate adult social and sexual behaviors in play. Most sex play happens bc of curiosity.

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Puberty begins between 9-12 for most. Same gender sexual behavior can occur at this age which is unrelated to child’s sexual orientation. Some group dating may occur. By age 12 and 13, some may begin dating and practice sexual behaviors other than vaginal intercourse.

Answer 15

Most adolescents explore romantic and sexual relationships, participating in sexual intercourse before age 20.

Answer 16

Although adult men and women go through some sexual changes as they age, they do not lose their desire or their ability for sexual expression.

Answer 17

Basic principles of all models move from the “egocentric,” which are associated particularly with childhood, to “conformist,” and eventually to “integration” or “universal.”

Answer 18

Top down - Self-actualization (growth need) Esteem needs (deficiency need) Social (Love and belonging) needs (deficiency) Safety needs (deficiency) Physiological needs (deficiency)

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genetics may be partly responsible for personality; links between genetics and personality traits

Answer 20

Personality a result of interaction between individual and environment

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emphasize self-actualization and innate need for personal growth as motivating behavior and personality

Answer 22

Unconscious mind and childhood experiences influence personality

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Suggests that people have certain basic traits and it is the strength and intensity of those traits that account for personality differences

Answer 24

Genogram may be helpful as part of assessment when working with families. SWs must ensure that clients are fully informed about all aspects of genetic testing. SWs must respect self determination of clients and family members.

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Defense mechanism - usually automatic, involuntary, or unconscious. Coping strategies - voluntary

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repressed urge is expressed disguised as a disturbance of sensory body function

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deterioration of existing defenses

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a person patterns themselves after a significant other person

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identifying with a powerful aggressor to counteract feelings of helplessness; ex: abusing others after one has been abused oneself

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a person unconsciously absorbs experiences and makes them part of their psyche

Answer 31

unacceptable impulse, idea, or act is separated from its original memory source, thereby removing the original emotional charge associated with it.

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person adopts affects, ideas, attitudes, or behaviors that are opposites of those he or she harbors consciously or unconsciously

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defensive mechanism associated with borderline personality disorder in which a person perceives self and others as “all good” or “all bad.”

Answer 34

potentially maladaptive feelings or behaviors are diverted into socially acceptable, adaptive channels

Answer 35

Biopsychosocial model: incorporates hereditary predisposition, emotional and psychological problems, social influences, and environmental problems. Medical model: Addiction is considered a chronic, progressive, relapsing, and potentially fatal medical disease. Inherited vulnerability, brain reward mechanism, altered brain chemistry Self-medication model: substances relieve symptom of psychiatric disorder Social model: drug use is learned and reinforced from others serving as role models

Answer 36

Combines DSM4 categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into single disorder measured on a continuum of severity. Drops legal problems criteria.

Answer 37

1. Stabilization - focus on establishing abstinence 2. rehab/habilitation - focus on remaining substance-free by developing coping skills, increasing supports, etc. 3. Maintenance - focus on stabilizing gains made in tx; relapse prevention; termination

Answer 38

Heroin - opioid; enters the brain rapidly so very addictive; users feel surge of euphoria or "rush" followed by twilight state of sleep and wakefulness. Effects of use include: Drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nausea, a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and heavy extremities. Schedule I drug Marijuana - serious impairments in learning, associative processes, and psychomotor behavior (driving abilities). Long term, regular use can lead to physical dependence and withdrawal following discontinuation, as well as psychological addiction or dependence. Oxycontin - opioid; can cause similar effects as heroin Cocaine use is indicated by dilated pupils, hyperactivity, euphoria, anxiety, and excessive talking. Schedule II drug. Heroin use is indicated by contracted pupils, sleeping at unusual times, sweating, vomiting, twitching, and loss of appetite. Alcohol: - Delirium tremens (DT): related to alcohol withdrawal, includes hallucinations, rapid respiration, body tremors, etc. - Caused by chronic alcohol use & resulting B1 (thiamine) deficiency: Wernicke’s encephalopathy; Korsakoff’s syndrome (memory problems)

Answer 39

Memorize FSNPA Forming - Preaffiliation - aka forming; developing trust Storming - Power and control - aka storming Norming - Intimacy - norming - utilizing self in services of the group Performing - Differentiation - performing - acceptance of each other as distinct individuals Adjourning - Separation/termination - independence aka adjourning

Answer 40

A healthy family has flexibility, consistent structure, and effective exchange of information. The family is an interactional system whose component parts have constantly shifting boundaries and varying degrees of resistance to change. Families strive for a sense of balance or homeostasis.

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Patterns of interaction that maintain stability or constancy while minimizing change. Negative feedback loops help to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 42

Patterns of interaction that facilitate change or movement toward either growth or dissolution

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The ability of the family system to accomplish the same goals through different routes.

Answer 44

Genogram: diagrams of family relationships beyond a family tree allowing a social worker and client to visualize hereditary patterns and psychological factors. Ecomap: a map that illustrates relationships between individuals, family members, and external institutions.

Answer 45

1. Plan and conduct a thorough biopsychosocial and lethality/imminent danger assessment; 2. Make psychological contact and rapidly establish the collaborative relationship; 3. Identify the major problems, including crisis precipitants; 4. Encourage an exploration of feelings and emotions; 5. Generate and explore alternatives and new coping strategies; 6. Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan; and 7. Plan follow-up and “booster” sessions.

Answer 46

Highlights importance of understanding contexts within context. Developed as alt to diagnostic medical models like DSM and ICD.

Answer 47

repetition of words spoken by others

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Offering two contradictory messages

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Conscious - info clients pays attention to Preconscious - info outside client’s attention but readily available when needed Unconscious - info that client has no awareness of but that influences every aspect of their lives

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instinctual and unconscious; operates under pleasure principle

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Ego: Manages conflict between id and constraints of real world. Role is to prevent the ID from gratifying its impulses in socially inappropriate ways. Anxiety results when ego is unable to reconcile demands of id, superego, reality. Syntonic behaviors - “insync” with the ego (no guilt) Dystonic behaviors - “dis-n-sync” with ego (guilt)’ aka ego alien Ego strength - ability of ego to effectively deal with demands of id, superego, reality

Answer 52

Moral component of personality learned from parents and society

Answer 53

Rooted in belief that main motivations for behaviors are not sexual urges, but striving for perfection. Aim of therapy is to overcome feelings of inferiority and self-centeredness and contribute more towards welfare of others.

Answer 54

The objective of self psychology is to help a client develop a greater sense of self-cohesion thru receiving empathic responses from caretakers which fulfill self-object needs. 3 self-object needs: Mirroring - validating response Idealization - child identifies w someone (role model) more capable Twinship/twinning - child feels a sense of belonging

Answer 55

The goal is to maintain and enhance the ego’s control and management of stress and its effects through reality testing and enhancing coping abilities (ego strengths) and capacity to relate to others.

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Mirroring - validating response Idealization - child identifies w someone (role model) more capable Twinship/twinning - child feels a sense of belonging

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Centered on relationships with others or objects which refer to people, parts of people, or physical items that represent a person or part of a person

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5-9 months; infant develops increased interest for the outside world; becomes aware of differences between them and their mom

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9-15 months; infant begins to explore actively and becomes more distant from mom

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15-24 months; infant once again becomes close to mom after being distant

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24-38 months; when child understands that mom has separate ID and is truly a separate individual; is able to accept and seek comfort from mom amidst separateness

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Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance Hope is possible at any stage.

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Features of the offenders' histories that predict recidivism but are not amenable to deliberate intervention, such as prior offences and demographic info.

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Factors that can be changed by interventions. Ex: living situation, treatment of psychiatric symptoms, abstaining from substance use, access to weapons

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Society in which diverse members maintain their own traditions while cooperatively working together and seeing others’ traits as valuable (cultural pluralism—respecting and encouraging cultural difference)

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Insight is client's awareness of themselves and their condition. Judgment refers to assessment of client's ability to avoid acting in ways that are harmful to themselves or others.

Answer 67

Defense system for body and produced white blood cells; distributes fluids in the body

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confusion with regard to person, time, or place

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disturbance or change in the usually integrative functions of memory, identity, perception, or consciousness (often seen in clients with a history of trauma)

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shared delusion

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hearing, seeing, smelling, or feeling something that is not real (auditory most common)

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Hypomanic is elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that is less severe than full-blown manic symptoms (not severe enough to interfere with functioning and not accompanied by psychotic symptoms). Hypomania does not cause a major deficit in social or occupational functioning, and involves a period of at least 4 days rather than at least 1 week; no need for hospitalization; usually does not involve psychotic features

Answer 73

slurred speech

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Refers to difficulty understanding language or using language to speak or write Aphasia is medical term for full loss of language while dysphasia stands for partial loss of language.

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inability to recognize familiar objects

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inability to recognize familiar faces

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inability to do simple arithmetic

Answer 78

First generation (older), or 'typical' antipsychotics: can cause severe neuromuscular side effects; others can cause drowsiness. Haldol; Loxitane

Answer 79

Second generation (newer), or 'atypical' antipsychotics: generally cause less severe neuromuscular side effects and sexual side effects than 1st gen; may be more likely to cause metabolic side effects like rapid weight gain and changes to blood sugar levels. -Abilify -Risperidone -Clorazil (clozapine) - may cause agranulocytosis; requires blood monitoring -Seroquel

Answer 80

Symptoms: abnormal, involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, jaw, and face, as well as twitching and snakelike movement of the extremities and occasionally the trunk -may result from taking high doses of antipsychotic medications over a long period of time. Symptoms may be permanent even after stopping meds. -may be more common with typical antipsychotics than atypical

Answer 81

Used to treat bipolar disorder aka antimanic agents. Need for periodic checks of lithium in blood level to ensure not at toxic level as well as thyroid and kidney functions as lithium can impact functioning. Lithium - used to treat mania Depakote (Divalproex Sodium) Lamictal (Lamotragine) Carbamazapine

Answer 82

SSRIs: paxil; prozac; zoloft; lexapro Trycyclics MAOIs When taking antidepressants, qvoid foods that contain high levels of tyramine (found in foods that are aged).

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Benzodiazepines: ativan, klonopine, valium, xanax - the above have potential for abuse Buspar (not benzo)

Answer 84

Treatment of ADHD Adderall, concerta, ritalin

Answer 85

Assess depression

Answer 86

Personality test for assessment of psychopathology

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Client responses to inkblots are used to assess perceptual reactions and other psychological functioning. It is one of the most widely used projective tests.

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Projection test; consists of a series of pictures of ambiguous scenes. Clients are asked to make up stories or fantasies concerning what is happening, has happened, and is going to happen in the scenes, along with a description of their thoughts and feelings

Answer 89

Tests mostly verbal & performance abilities of children and adults

Answer 90

tests both verbal and nonverbal abilities of child

Answer 91

Risk factors: -Two most powerful predictors of violence: involvement w/ delinquent peers and gang membership. -Youth who become violent before age 13 generally commit more crimes, and more serious crimes, for a longer time. Protective factors: -Effective programs combine components that address both individual risks and environmental conditions -Interventions that target change in social context appear to be more effective than those that attempt to change individual attitudes, skills, and risk behaviors

Answer 92

Scaling is used to make a judgement about the impact of a situation on a client.

Answer 93

Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance

Answer 94

Characteristics: -No intention of taking action in foreseeable future -Unaware or uninformed of consequences of their behaviors or have had some failed attempts and are discouraged from trying again -Showing resistance to recognizing or changing the behavior -To move out of stage: experience cognitive dissonance, negative affective state, and recognize the problem Interventions: Establish rapport; acknowledge resistance or ambivalence; recognize client’s thoughts, feelings, fears, and concerns about change

Answer 95

Characteristics: -Client is ambivalent or uncertain about behavior change, behaviors may be unpredictable -Client may be willing to look at pros and cons of change but is not committed to changing which results in behavior procrastination -Intent on making change in next 6 months -engages in risky behavior but knows the negative impact -To move out of stage, force of motivation must be stronger for change than it is for remaining stable Interventions: -Motivational interviewing -Reducing fear by clarifying what change is/isn't

Answer 96

Characteristics: -Planning on making a behavior change within the next month -Person may not know how to proceed to make a change and could be nervous about their ability to change -goal is to create plan of action to eliminate/reduce behavior and develop confidence to follow through plan

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-Main ways of recognizing that someone is in the action stage is through their significant efforts made to change and through modifying the problem behavior to acceptable criterion levels -Movement into the final stage occurs when an individual sees evidence of performance improvement, has a positive affective state, and receives positive social and performance feedback

Answer 98

Work to prevent relapse and secure their gains made during action Folks are less tempted to relapse and more confident that they will be able to continue their changes Ability to remain free from the problem behavior and the ability to participate in new incompatible behaviors for more than six months is the criteria used to categorize someone into the maintenance stage Also a continuation of change -- not an absence of it

Answer 99

Subjective: client’s report of how they are doing/problem Objective: objective indicators of problems; lab tests; physical exam Assessment: consolidates objective and subjective into a short assessment Plan: includes what will be done as a result of assessment

Answer 100

randomized experiments; most rigorous

Answer 101

uses intervention and comparison/control groups, but assignment to groups is not random Used when randomization of subjects or groups is neither practical or feasible

Answer 102

has intervention groups only and lack comparison/control groups; the weakest kind of research

Answer 103

Determines if intervention has intended impact on client. Client is used as their own control which differs from experimental research looking at avg effect of intervention between groups of people. AB is most common; ABA or ABAB is also often used -Comparison of behavior before tx baseline (A) with behavior after start of tx (B) Should maximize both internal and external validity

Answer 104

extent to which a research study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship for the subject studied

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Relates to how applicable the findings are in the real world -Single subject research generally has poor external validity

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Used to answer research question or test models or hypotheses

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concerns the ability to get consistent assessments or data by reducing random errors associated with its collection

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Degree to which what is being measured actually is what is claimed to be measured. It attempts to minimize systematic errors that may yield reliable results but do not actually assess the constructs of interest.

Answer 109

Determine why tx was sought; what precipitated desire to change now Define Parameters of helping relationship Define roles of SW and client Expectations for tx (what will happen and when)

Answer 110

Client provides essential info for SW to define problem and solutions Collateral contacts are identified and contacted for additional info

Answer 111

Client is actively involved in tx process. Progress is tracked. Client self monitoring is a good way to involve client.

Answer 112

Collaboration between SW and client to define goals and create action plans Clarify resources; timeline; roles

Answer 113

Subjective reports of client with objective indicators of progress must be used to determine when goals/objectives are met and if new ones should be set.

Answer 114

SW and client reflect on what has been accomplished and anticipate supports if problems arise again

Answer 115

Unethical to continue to treat clients when services are no longer needed or in their best interests. Careful planning and standards must be followed to ensure continuing of care and/or prevent gaps in services. Never ok for SWs to terminate services to pursue social, financial, or sexual relationship with a client (NASW code). SW must collaborate with clients and their families (as needed) to make decisions about FU services or aftercare as needed. Clients at high-risk for recurring issues after termination of services should receive regular assessments after discharge to determine if services are needed or discharge plans are being implemented as planned.

Answer 116

Begins with P or F Ends with “pram”

Answer 117

Begins with V, X, or K Ends with “pam”

Answer 118

A behavioral syndrome marked by an inability to move normally. It can be associated with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses.

Answer 119

Timeframe is major indicator for differential diagnosis. Brief psychotic disorder - symptoms present for less than 1 month Schizophreniform disorder - symptoms present for more than 1 and less than 6 months Schizophrenia - symptoms present 6 months + Schizoaffective - combo of psychotic symptoms and affective (mood) symptoms like depression or bipolar disorder -Presence of mood issue is main giveaway -Needs two or more consecutive weeks where only symptoms present are psychotic symptoms

Answer 120

Bipolar -Common meds: lithium, depakote, abilify -Bipolar I: manic phase of at least one week causing severe interference with daily functioning and may require hospitalization; MDD could occur but not needed to diagnose -Bipolar II: need hypomanic phase lasting at least 4 days and at least one episode of MDD; hypomania is less severe than manic episode so person can continue with daily responsibilities Major depressive disorder - anhedonia (loss of pleasure in activities once enjoyed) and other symptoms lasting at least two weeks Cyclothymic disorder: - milder form of bipolar disorder - symptoms similar to Bipolar II with cycles of highs and low but does not meet criteria for mania or MDD; mania and depression are both less severe; symptoms present for at least two years Unspecified depressive disorder - doesn’t fully meet criteria of MDD due to timeframe (2 wks) or depressed mood or anhedonia criteria not being met Persistent depressive disorder (symptoms milder than MDD) aka dysthymia: - milder form of MDD - Depressed mood for at least 2 years in adults; at least 1 year in children - Chronic, mildly depressed - Changes to sleep/appetite are not common to PDD

Answer 121

Acute stress disorder evolves into PTSD after one month PTSD -For children, trauma reenactment may show up in play -Reliving or being reminded of traumatic event; depersonalization (detached from mind or body); derealization (feels world around them is unreal) -Symptoms last at least one month Interventions for PTSD: CBT; EMDR Meds for PTSD: SSRIs [Zoloft; Paxil]

Answer 122

Experiencing significant distress from being away or anticipating being away from attachment figure or home Timeframe for children - 4 wks Timeline for adults - 6 months

Answer 123

Conduct disorder - person persistently violates the rights of others and norms and rules; kid may be bully to people and animals; intentional; can’t be diagnosed as adult Antisocial personality disorder - conduct disorder evolves into this as adult

Answer 124

ODD: person being unreasonably oppositional IED: person has recurrent, explosive, angry outburst that are impulsive, anger is disproportionate to the situation; can be diagnosed in adults as well DMDD: child constantly in bad mood; angry and irritable even when not having angry outbursts; adults can’t be diagnosed Disinhibited social engagement disorder: unable to refrain from engaging impulsively and inappropriately in social settings

Answer 125

Characterized by appearing odd or eccentric. It includes the following personality disorders with their distinguishing features: Paranoid: Mistrust and suspicion Schizoid: indifferent to relationships; Disinterest in others; restricted range of expression of emotions when interacting with others; independent Schizotypal: Eccentric ideas and behavior; atypical

Answer 126

Characterized by appearing dramatic, emotional, or erratic. It includes the following personality disorders with their distinguishing features: Antisocial: Social irresponsibility, disregard for others, deceitfulness, and manipulation of others for personal gain Borderline: Inner emptiness, unstable relationships, and emotional dysregulation Histrionic: Attention seeking; self-dramatization; easily influenced Narcissistic: Self-grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Answer 127

Characterized by appearing anxious or fearful. It includes the following personality disorders with their distinguishing features: Avoidant: Avoidance of interpersonal contact due to rejection sensitivity Dependent: Submissiveness and a need to be taken care of Obsessive-compulsive: Perfectionism, rigidity, and obstinacy

Answer 128

DSM-5 changes: - Got rid of multiaxial system - Using WHODAS 2.0 instead of GAF - Presents diagnostic categories in developmental "order" perspective - Includes use of spectrum rather than specific diagnosis - Includes neuroscience perspective - No longer NOS (not otherwise specified) category Instead: Unspecified and Other specified DSM-5 TR changes: - Inclusion of cultural formulation & terminology changes to reduce racialized bias

Answer 129

Cerebrum - initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature Cerebellum - Its function is to coordinate voluntary muscle movements and to maintain posture, balance and equilibrium. Hippocampus - supports memory, learning, navigation, perception of space

Answer 130

Complete risk assessment. After serious threat has been determined, discussion with client the need for hospitalization may be next. Consulting with supervisor may come after. A safety contract is not known to be an effective intervention for suicide prevention when a client has developed a plan Safety plan may be helpful for clients who have some suicidal ideation but threat is not serious

Answer 131

Subpoena from attorney: - First discuss with legal counsel as rules may vary according to jurisdiction. If legal counsel directs, can ask for approval from client before responding to subpoena. Can also claim privilege which means not releasing client info. - Must provide some sort of response Court order/Subpoena from judge: - Don’t need client consent to release records - When feasible & to the extent possible, should inform client about disclosure and potential consequences before disclosure

Answer 132

Fatalism - path is predetermined; no free will Nihilism - nothing matters Familism - loyalty to family above individual interests Paternalism - subservience to an authority figure

Answer 133

Naltrexone - decrease cravings by blocking the feeling of “high” when ingesting alcohol or narcotics - Used as part of overall program that may include other interventions like counseling, support group meetings, etc. Alcoholics anonymous Uses disease model of addiction

Answer 134

Active, brief, directive, task-centered. More interested in creating change in behavior than change in understanding.

Answer 135

Act “as if” - in manner different from usual

Answer 136

superficial behavioral changes that don’t change structure of system

Answer 137

longer-lasting changes to system so that it is re-organized and functions more effectively

Answer 138

involves changing the label or description of a behavior to alter its perceived meaning to change behavior

Answer 139

Act “as if” - in manner different from usual.

Answer 140

uses an intergenerational lens to identify these patterns and communication techniques to promote healthy boundaries and relationships within the family

Answer 141

Differentiation - degree of emotional separateness between individual and family Emotional fusion - opposite of differentiation; tendency for family members to share emotional response Multigenerational transmission - connection between current generations to past generations Triangulation - dysfunctional pattern of communication in relationships. Involves three parties: two people and a third party (the “triangulated” person) – who is typically not involved in the initial situation – who acts as a conduit between the two people involved Family projection process - process in which parents transmit emotional problems to children Partialization: issues are broken into manageable components that would facilitate more discussion and problem solving

Answer 142

Psychotic symptoms; thought disorder Reduced expression of emotions; reduced motivation; motor and cognitive impairment; poor info processing

Answer 143

includes identifying goals and making a plan to achieve those goals.

Answer 144

when medical professionals, or another person, deliberately do something that causes the patient to die

Answer 145

passing occurring without intervention

Answer 146

focuses on maintaining the highest quality of life while managing treatment and other needs

Answer 147

focuses specifically on the period closest to death

Answer 148

SWs should under no circumstance engage in sexual relationships with current clients

Answer 149

SWs allowed to engage in physical contact with clients as long as there is no possibility of psychological harm SWs must set appropriate boundaries governing physical contact

Answer 150

SWs should avoid accepting goods/services as pymt for professional services. SWs may participate in bartering only in limited circumstances where there is no coercion, it’s considered essential for the provision of services, and it’s considered an accepted practice among professionals in the community. SWs assume the full burden of demonstrating that bartering arrangement is not detrimental to client/professional relationship.

Answer 151

SWs prohibited from giving/receiving pymt for referral when no professional service is provided by referring SW

Answer 152

SWs whose personal problems interfere with pro judgment and work must seek consultation and take steps to ensure adequate services for client

Answer 153

Burnout - physical, emotional, psychological exhaustion Secondary trauma - behaviors and emotions resulting from knowledge about traumatizing events experienced by clients and Compassion fatigue - combo of symptoms of secondary trauma and burnout

Answer 154

the process of a system toward growth and development; the opposite of entropy

Answer 155

tendency of a system to progress towards disorganization, depletion, and death

Answer 156

a system’s tendency to move from a more simplified to a more complex existence. Relationships, situations, and interactions tend to get more complex over time