LSW Flashcards
1
Q
What is Psychoanalytic Theory?
A
Freud; Human behavior is based on unconscious drives and motivations (values the importance of childhood experiences).
2
Q
What is Repression?
A
The primary defense mechanism, involving pushing thoughts and ideas that are distressing from the Conscious to the Unconscious.
3
Q
Structural Theory of Personality Development (psychoanalytic)
A
Id contains the most primitive portion of personality (Pleasure Principle, Libido, immediate gratification); Ego contains the Reality Principle (immediate gratification must be compromised for the realities of the environment); Superego contains conscious and ego ideal (ethical portion)
4
Q
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development and what ages do they each represent?
A
Oral (0 -1.5), Anal (1.5-3), Phallic (3-6), Latency (6-12), Genital (12 to adult).
5
Q
What is Denial?
A
A defense mechanism of refusing to acknowledge reality.
6
Q
What is Displacement?
A
A defense mechanism of shifting repressed feelings to another object.
7
Q
What is Dissociation?
A
A defense mechanism of separation from a feeling that would normally accompany a situation.
8
Q
What is Idealization?
A
A defense mechanism that is a form of denial, making negative feelings as “all good.”
9
Q
What is Identification?
A
A defense mechanism of modeling one’s self upon another person’s behavior
10
Q
What is Introjection?
A
A defense mechanism of identifying with an idea so deeply that it becomes a part of that person.
11
Q
What is Inversion?
A
A defense mechanism of refocusing external emotions onto one’s self.
12
Q
What is Intellectualization?
A
A defense mechanism of Rationalizing/Generalizing anxiety-provoking issues to minimize pain.
13
Q
What is Projection?
A
A defense mechanism of attributing a painful thought or idea to another person.
14
Q
What is Rationalization?
A
A defense mechanism of attempting to provide a logical explanation to avoid guilt or shame.
15
Q
What is Reaction Formation?
A
A defense mechanism of replacing a negative event with the complete opposite.
A cause of Reaction Formation is when a person seeks to cover up something unacceptable by adopting an opposite stance. For example the gay person who has heterosexually promiscuous may be concealing their homosexual reality.
Reaction formation is a defence mechanism when opposing tendencies are exaggerated
16
Q
What is Regression?
A
A defense mechanism of losing an aspect of development already achieved due to anxiety causing a person to revert to a lower stage.
17
Q
What is Somatization?
A
A defense mechanism of manifestation of emotional anxiety into physical symptoms.
18
Q
What is Splitting?
A
A defense mechanism of disconnecting important feelings, leads to “fragmented self.”
19
Q
What is Substitution?
A
A defense mechanism of replacing one emotion with another.
20
Q
What is Isolation?
A
A defense mechanism of inability to experience both the cognitive and affective components of a situation.
The defense mechanism of isolation can lead a person to separate ideas or feelings from the rest of their thoughts. … For example, a person with a particularly stressful job may use isolation to separate their work life from their family life, avoiding the stress affecting their relationships.
21
Q
What is Ego Psychology and Who founded it?
A
Heinz Hartmann; belief that individuals can adapt to their social environments and focuses on Adaption (reciprocal relationship between individuals and the environment) and the Ego portion of personality.
22
Q
What is Psychosocial theory and Who founded it?
A
Erik Erikson; an individual’s social environment shapes their behaviors and personality. Focus on Ego Portion of personality.
23
Q
Stage 1 Psychosocial Development. (0 - 1).
A
Trust v. Mistrust
24
Q
Trust v. Mistrust
A
Trust developed through being loved and nurtured.
25
Stage 2 Psychosocial Development. (2 - 3).
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
26
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt
Child develops motor and verbal skills that foster confidence and autonomy if nurtured.
27
Stage 3 Psychosocial Development. (4 -5).
Initiative v Guilt
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Initiative v Guilt
Child learns to play with others and explore. The child who is not allowed initiative will feel guilty and fearful.
29
Stage 4 Psychosocial Development. (6 -11).
Industry v. Inferiority
30
Industry v. Inferiority
Child develops a need to have mastery over tasks. If they fail to achieve this they will feel incompetent.
31
Stage 5 Psychosocial Development. ( 12- 18).
Identity v. Role Confusion
32
Identity v. Role Confusion
Will create their identity through integrating the components of themself into a whole person.
33
Stage 6 Psychosocial Development. (20 - 35).
Intimacy v. Isolation
34
Intimacy v. Isolation
Learns to build reciprocal relationships on many levels.
35
Stage 7 Psychosocial Development. (35 -50).
Generativity v. Stagnation
36
Generativity v. Stagnation
Develop the capacity to care and nurture.
37
Stage 8 Psychosocial Development. (50 +).
Ego Integrity v. Despair
38
Ego Integrity v. Despair
Learn to accept their own life achievements and significant others.
39
What is Biopsychosocial theory and who developed it?
George Engel; human behavior is the result of interactions between biological, psychological and social systems.
40
What is Object Relations Theory and Who founded it?
Margaret Mahler; Focuses on an infant's development of sense of self.
41
What is Attachment theory and who developed it?
John Bowlby; The earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact on their lives and development.
42
What are the attachment styles?
Secure (distress when separated, but assured they will return, happy upon return); Avoidant (avoid parents or caregivers, no preference to strangers); Ambivalent (distressed when separated, does not calm when the parent returns); Disorganized (no coping strategy observed)
43
Secure attachment
distress when separated, but assured they will return, happy upon return
44
Avoidant attachment
avoid parents or caregivers, no preference to strangers
45
Ambivalent attachment
distressed when separated, does not calm when the parent returns
46
Disorganized attachment
no coping strategy observed
47
What is analytical psychology and who developed it?
Carl Jung; Conscious and unconscious communication is critical, and can happen through dreams. There are collective unconscious called archetypes.
48
What is cognitive therapy and who developed it?
Aaron Beck and Alfred Adler; an individuals emotions and behaviors are a direct result of the individual's thoughts and cognition.
49
What is Rational Emotive Therapy and who developed it?
Albert Ellis; Cognitive-behavioral theory also referred to as ABC Theory of emotion (Activating Event, Thoughts/beliefs, emotional/behavioral consequences)
50
What is Self-Psychology and who developed it?
Heinz Kohut; includes selfobjects(childs perception of others as a part of themself), empathetic mirroring (selfobject mirrors child), narcissism occurs when a child is deprived an empathetic environment
51
What is Gestalt Psychology and who developed it?
Fritz Perls; "wholeness." an individual must be viewed as a whole and not a sum of parts. focuses on the present ability to control behaviors.
52
What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget, how children organize thoughts with schemas, and learns through adaptation (assimilation and accommodation).
53
Piaget's stages of development
Sensorimotor(0-2) circular reactions, sucking reflex, lacks symbolic function; Pre-operational(2-7) language, understanding of past and future, self-centered; Concrete Operational (7-11) conservation of substance, manipulate symbols logically; Formal Operational (11-15) abstract thinking, hypothetical thinking, adult like thinking
54
Sensorimotor(0-2)
circular reactions, sucking reflex, lacks symbolic function
55
Pre-operational(2-7)
language, understanding of past and future, self-centered
56
Concrete Operational (7-11)
conservation of substance, manipulate symbols logically
57
Formal Operational (11-15)
abstract thinking, hypothetical thinking, adult like thinking
58
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg, believed moral development was learned through environment (not present at birth). Correlation is between moral development and intelligence/ability to interact with others.
59
Levels and Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional (0-9) 1. avoid punishment, 2. personal reward; Conventional (9-15) 3. gain approval/avoid disapproval, 4. follows laws and rules; Post Conventional (15- adult) 5. social mutuality, 6. individual conscience
60
Preconventional (0-9
1. avoid punishment, 2. personal reward
61
Conventional (9-15)
3. gain approval/avoid disapproval, 4. follows laws and rules
62
Post Conventional (15- adult)
5. social mutuality, 6. individual conscience
63
What is Respondent/Classical Conditioning theory and who developed it?
John Watson and Ivan Pavlov, behavioral theory that an individual learns behavior through association. Behaviors are a response to environmental stimuli
64
What is Operant Conditioning and who developed it?
B.F. Skinner, Behavioral theory that changes in behavior are the result of changes in the environment and reinforcement by significant others.
65
Positive reinforcement
reward when good behavior occurs
Positive reinforcement is most likely to enhance client motivation levels - goal with word increase is only one that uses positive reinforcement
(reducing negative behaviors reflects a deficit framework)
66
Negative reinforcement
reinforce good behavior by avoiding an adverse event
67
Punishment
decrease a problem behavior by presentation of unpleasant event.
68
What is social Learning Theory and who developed it?
Albert Bandura: behaviors can be changes by altering the events that occur before and after the target behavior. Antecedent - Behavior - Consequence
69
What is existentialism?
Humans are defined by their ability to make choices. All human emotional problems can be understood as forms of alienation.
70
What is Family Systems theory and who developed it?
Murray Bowen. Individuals exist within a family context of subsystems and boundaries. Differentiation leads to a balance of emotion and reason, or else become Enmeshed. Disengaged family members may be autonomous but have skewed wince of independence and rigid boundaries.
71
Characteristics of an abusive parent
Low self esteem, feeling unworthy, experience repeated loss and rejection, dysfunctional childhood, thrust into foreign environment, isolation, inadequate support system, need to control others, financial stress, anxiety depression and personality disorders, limited education
72
What is Sublimation?
A defense mechanism in which a person chooses to divert their desires that are consciously intolerable and cannot be directly realized into creative activities that are acceptable.
73
What is Undoing?
A defense mechanism in which a person compensates for engaging in unacceptable behavior.
74
What is the sleeper effect?
a psychological phenomenon when the negative affects of abuse may not be seen in children for several years
75
insecure attachment
negative social interactions w/ peers
76
deaf culture
total immersion in sign language
77
past sexual partner client
Immediately transfer past sexual partner client to another worker
78
don't be restrictive
Support client self-determination and choice first
| First acknowledge and validate client concerns
79
don't jump to conclusions
Assess situations first
80
Engaging a client
- Engage the client in your observation of a problem situation
builds rapport and supports self-determination
- learn more from their perspective before doing anything else
81
First step to continue completing an assessment is to
obtain a social and family history
82
what determines scope/focus of assessment
Needs of client
83
when medical crisis,
First rule out medical issues when potential medical crisis
84
Serious threat of self harm
first step is to arrange for a crisis assessment; rights to confidentiality are superseded by the seriousness of the threat; safety contract may be appropriate after such an assessment
85
Immediate step with unsafe child behavior (no evidence of abuse/neglect)
create a safety plan together
86
first step of policy analysis
understand historical background of policies
87
ecomap is initial assessment tool
An Ecomap is a diagram often used by social workers or nurses showing the social and personal relationships of an individual with his or her environment. Ecomaps were developed in 1975 by Dr. Ann Hartman who is also credited with creating the genogram
88
life history grd assessment tool
The life history grid is a method of organizing and presenting data related to the various periods in a client's life. The grid is especially useful in work with children and adolescents, where an understanding of life experiences during a particular stage of development may shed light on current functioning.
89
family scupting (psychodrama)
Family sculpting is the visual representation, as envisioned by one individual person (referred to as the identified client), of their present family situation as they experience it.
a technique in family therapy in which the therapist asks one or more members of the family to arrange the other members (and lastly themselves) in relation to one another in terms of posture, space, and attitude so as to portray the arranger's perception of the family, either in general or with regard to a particular ...
90
Global Assessment of Functioning scale definition
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) is a numeric scale used by mental health clinicians and physicians to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of an individual, e.g., how well one is meeting various problems-in-living.
91
Subpoena for client records
first step is to discuss it w/ agency’s legal counsel before submitting it (getting approval from client before responding to subpoena would only occur if the counsel directed this)
92
a court order to disclose client records
supervision should be obtained first (making alterations/corrections to the record should not be done)
93
A key role of a group facilitator is to
keep participants focused on the purpose of the meeting
94
Fatalistic thought =
a belief that all events are predetermined/inevitable
95
Nihilism
Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated
In philosophy, nihilism is the complete rejection of moral values and religious beliefs. It is such a negative outlook that it denies any meaning or purpose in life. In political theory, nihilism is carried to an even greater extreme, arguing for the destruction of all existing political and social institutions.
96
familism
The term familism refers to a model of social organization, based on the prevalence of the family group and its well-being placed against the interests and necessities of each one of its members
97
paternalism
the policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best interest.
98
First step in program evaluation is
determining the goals and objectives
99
Focusing on the needs of clients has the most positive effect on
agency service delivery
100
Active euthanasia
Active euthanasia is when death is brought about by an act - for example when a person is killed by being given an overdose of pain-killers. Passive euthanasia is when death is brought about by an omission - i.e. when someone lets the person die
101
physician-assisted death
Physician assisted suicide is the voluntary termination of one's own life by taking lethal medication with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician. Physician-assisted suicide is also referred to as active euthanasia.
102
palliative care
his type of care is focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of the illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and the family.
103
magical thinking
one’s thoughts alone can result in accomplishment of certain wishes
104
depersonalization
a state in which one's thoughts and feelings seem unreal or not to belong to oneself, or in which one loses all sense of identity.
105
thought broadcasting
thought disorder
In psychiatry, thought broadcasting is the belief that others can hear or are aware of an individual's thoughts. Thought broadcasting can be a positive symptom of schizophrenia
106
looseness of association
Disordered thinking in which ideas shift from one subject to another in an oblique or unrelated manner, without the speaker being aware of same; when severe, speech may be incoherent.
107
what to do w/ presenting problem (youth needs shelter)
Contacting a youth shelter facility is first step to providing immediate, tangible aid
108
Women more likely to abuse
prescription drugs than men
109
Empathy involves attempting to
understand the client from his/her perspective while maintaining objectivity (outside observer)
110
naltrexone
decreases cravings for alcohol
111
termination for nonpayment
If a client poses no danger to self/others services can be terminated for nonpayment if a discussion of financial obligations has occurred (canceling after 3 = arbitrary number of incidents)
112
triangulation
occurs when parents’ conflict is lessened when their attention is focused on child’s behavior (separation, acting out in school)
Triangulation is a manipulation tactic where one person will not communicate directly with another person, instead using a third person to relay communication to the second, thus forming a triangle.
113
adaption
the ability of a system to adapt to change
114
entropy
the quantitative measure of disorder or randomness in a system (opposite of adaptation)
115
organizational structure of agency example
Clients assigned to the most appropriate personnel (needs and skillsets) vs based only on caseloads = organizational structure is the aspect of the agency the person is focused on = involves staff roles and responsibilities including the process by which case assignments are based
116
organizational structure
Organizational structure defines how tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated in organizations.
117
ambivalent client
First validate client concerns before confronting resistance, advocating for change, or exploring the client’s values
118
impaired colleagues
talk to that person directly first and assist w/ remedial action if appropriate (talk to them first before informing supervisor, reporting to the SW board; observing and collecting further data doesn’t account for potential immediate harm to clients)
119
Empowerment is most strongly associated with
policy and socioeconomic change
120
motivational interviewing
a form of strengths-based counseling originally developed by Miller and Rollnick with the aim of helping people to change. Miller and Rollnick defined motivational interviewing as “a collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change”
121
empowerment definition
Empowerment can be defined in general as the capacity of individuals, groups and/or communities gain control of their circumstances and achieve their own goals, thereby being able to work towards helping themselves and others to maximise the quality of their lives.
122
coalition building definition
Coalition building is an art. ... When members share responsibility, goals, decisions, and leadership and energetically and enthusiastically work toward a common goal, the coalition has the potential for great success.
123
more closely associated with organizational growth, not community-level actions
coalition building, networking, and program development
| empowerment the opposite
124
first step in social action
Organizing a task force (drugs and gangs in a community) is the first step in social action
125
task forces
involves those affected in addressing the issue and promoting solutions
126
Documenting topics discussed in supervision
reduces liability resulting from acts or omissions by supervisees - provides evidence of topics discussed and actions recommended
127
Evaluating for a history of sexual abuse as - best action to determine the most appropriate treatment option
client who reports a lack of desire for sexual relationship, dissociation during intercourse, violent nightmares, and suicidal thoughts
128
Potential auditory hallucinations and paranoid thinking, SW should
assess the client’s mental health with a mental status exam
129
consultation definition
Approaching a colleague in the community for structured advice on limited experience w/ particular issue
Defined as an interactional helping process used to achieve a work-related objective through an interpersonal relationship, consultation has been conceptualized as an indirect service like social-work supervision, in which someone with more knowledge and experience helps someone
130
supervision definition
Supervision is the relationship between the supervisor and the supervisee that promotes the development of responsibility, skill, knowledge, attitudes, and ethical standards in the practice of clinical social work
131
Cultural competence definition
social workers to examine their own cultural backgrounds and identities to increase awareness of personal assumptions, values, stereotypes, and biases.
132
critical incident debriefing
A debriefing is a structured group process that responds to the cognitive, emotional, physical and social reactions resulting from disasters and other traumatic events.
133
audit trail
simply records kept of how qualitative studies are conducted. The audit trail should include all field notes and any other records kept of what the inquirer does, sees, hears, thinks, etc
research audit trail in improving the trustworthiness of qualitative research.
The audit trail enables the researcher to reconstruct the steps of the study and later provide justification for any changes that took place
134
partializing
breaking down issues into manageable components that would facilitate further discussion/problem-solving
Help client gain better understanding of individual elements of decision to run away
135
confrontation
A skill that enables the social worker to point out message discrepancies to the client. Confrontation should be non-adversarial. It should only be undertaken when the social worker and client have a therapeutic relationship and trust has been established.
136
exception exploration
involves asking the client the Exception Question, that is, inviting them to consider and talk about a time when their problem is or was less severe and dealt with in a satisfactory way
Exception finding is a signature tool of the solution-focused approach.
137
Child endangering sibling
should tell parents - duty to warn of potential harm (reporting to authorities would be inappropriate as no harm has occurred)
138
develop a behavioral program to enhance medication compliance
Chronically mentally ill patient is not taking meds (doesn’t have active psychosis)
this approach is the most likely to help the client achieve long-term optimal functioning is medication compliance, beh program will assist client in doing this (it better honors self-determination and is less restrictive than involving a visiting nurse; day treatment or long term hospitalization don’t help the client achieve long-term optimal fuctioning)
139
Contracting phase of intervention
includes goals and objectives
140
lithium
bipolar 1 (mood stabilizer)
141
explore role of religion
Start where the client is exploring role of religion is part of the assessment process; promote self-determination
142
electronically transferring records
SW has ethical responsibility to ensure that clients understand the risks and limits of privacy when electronically transferring records - provide client w/ agency privacy policy when beginning work with a client that includes electronic transfer of records; mailing copy is not required`
143
supportive approach style when
Early intervention stage w/ client who is acutely depressed
Nature of depression “contraindicates” emotive, directive, or motivational approaches
144
emotive approach
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), previously called rational therapy and rational emotive therapy, is an active-directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy, the aim of which is to resolve emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and to help people to lead happier and more fulfilling ...
145
directive approach
Directive therapy, a psychotherapeutic approach in which the psychotherapist directs the course of therapy by intervening to ask questions and offer interpretations. For example, rational emotive behavior therapy.
Nondirective therapy, a psychotherapeutic approach in which the psychotherapist refrains from giving advice or interpretation as the client is helped to identify conflicts and to clarify and understand feelings and values. For example, client-centered therapy.
146
contemplation stage of model of change
committed to change, recognizes triggers, not yet determined action steps
147
Transtheoretical model of change and stages
precontemplation, contemplation, maintenance, termination
148
Schizophrenia has (so)
information processing deficits
| Schedule a variety of brief activities for a structured group treatment
149
Panic disorder symptoms include
shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, fear of losing control
150
first step of ethical problem sovling
determine whether ethical values are in conflict
151
SW who is overwhelmed should
first seek supervision
152
define countertransference
the reaction to a client's transference, in which the counselor projects his or her feelings unconsciously onto the client
Countertransference, which occurs when a therapist transfers emotions to a person in therapy, is often a reaction to transference, a phenomenon in which the person in treatment redirects feelings for others onto the therapist.
countertransference as a largely unconscious phenomenon in which the psychologist’s emotions are influenced by a person in therapy, and the psychologist reacts with countertransference.
153
define transference
the concept of a client redirect feelings meant for others onto the therapist
154
increase assertiveness through
education/improve skill level (difficulty setting limits w/ clients)
155
right to refuse services
remember to respect this right first
156
evaluating institutionalized racism in an agency
first analyze the agency’s policies and procedures - important to understand agency practices first
157
abuse dynamics
identification w/ abuser
158
Most practical research design for completing an agency program evaluation
quasi-experimental
159
quasi-experimental design
no random assignment
| control group and comparison group
160
correlational design
assess relationships among naturally occurring variables (preferences and age/sex/race)
161
single subject design
baseline and intervention
162
qualitative design
examples of qualitative research designs include:
phenomenology - meanings constructed thru interpretation of interviews
case studies
grounded theory = model explains phenomena of interest based on experiences of participants
ethnography - understand complex phenomena thru direct immersion and interaction within specific setting/group
163
developmental need of intimacy
primary task of adolescence - watch for predators
164
Teenage adolescent has abandoned cultural customs and refuses to speak native language
assimilation
Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
165
cultural integration
Cultural integration is a form of cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, practices and rituals of another group without sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture.
166
cultural separation
Separation occurs when individuals reject the dominant or host culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin. Separation is often facilitated by immigration to ethnic enclaves.
167
cultural marginalization
Marginalization occurs when individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant host culture.
168
more types of research designs
Descriptives (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation, survey)
Correlational (e.g., case-control study, observational study)
experimental (e.g., field experiment)
Experimental (experiment with random assignment)(quasi-experiment)
Review (literature review, systematic review)
Meta-analytic (meta-analysis)
169
research duration of measurement phases
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study: type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.
Cross-sequential study:
type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.
the researcher chooses a smaller time window (e.g. 20 years) to study multiple individuals of different starting ages
Longitudinal study
170
activities of engaging clients
exploring client’s perception of problem, reducing anxiety, and clarifying available services; (considering options for problem resolution are not parts of beginning phase of treatment)
171
Structural family framework considers
roles/functions of family members
172
solution focused framework
emphasizes problem solving thru analyzing times when behavior is not problematic
173
psychoanalysis
a system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.
174
Self psychology
the effort is made to understand individuals from within their subjective experience via vicarious introspection, basing interpretations on the understanding of the self as the central agency of the human psyche.[1] Essential to understanding self psychology are the concepts of empathy, selfobject, mirroring, idealising, alter ego/twinship and the tripolar self. Though self psychology also recognizes certain drives, conflicts, and complexes present in Freudian psychodynamic theory, these are understood within a different framework. Self psychology was seen as a major break from traditional psychoanalysis and is considered the beginnings of the relational approach to psychoanalysis.
175
AA's approach
alcoholism is disease
176
disease theory of addiction
The disease theory of addiction identifies drug-seeking behavior as compulsive rather than a conscious choice due to chemical changes in the brain that happen with regular substance abuse. NIDA compares addiction to other medical diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes.`
177
psychodynamic theory of addiction
addiction is basically a disorder of self-regulation.
178
behavioral social learning theory of addiction
According to social learning theory, our observations of other people engaging in addictive behavior can lead to the development of addiction. When we observe the behavior and reactions of other people using addictive substances (or activities) we may wish to repeat what we saw.
179
biopsychosocial theory of addiction
posits that intersecting biological, psycho-social and systemic properties are fundamental features of health and illness.
180
Clients have a right to make choices
so the SW should ensure the client understands the consequences of the choice (court mandated services)
181
Egocentrism
child doesn’t understand things from others’ viewpoints
182
syllogistic reasoning
process of deduction (older developmental stage)
| two statements are made and a logical conclusion is drawn from them
183
Reversibility
the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition (age 7-12, operational)
184
conservation
the child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount, overall volume, or mass. This accomplishment occurs during the operational stage of development between ages 7 and 11
185
approach to community intervention that is most closely identified with social planning
Fostering a shared sense of common needs/concerns
186
Focused efforts on a common macro issue
policy advocacy, political activism, and social movements
187
policy advocacy
active, covert, or inadvertent support of a particular policy or class of policies. Whether it is proper for scientists and other technical experts to act as advocates for their personal policy preferences is contentious
188
social movements
They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific political or social issues. In other words, they carry out, resist, or undo a social change.
189
Care coordination model
link client to needed programs, then determine if the services received have been effective (other aspects include having a list of referral programs, reexamining the client’s resources, and discharging the client)
190
Always focus first on the client, not the
problematic family members
191
clarifying
SW helps client define/express feelings
192
summarizing
social worker to pull together key ideas and themes regarding the most important aspects of the client's problems, and also provides focus and continuity to the interview.Both the content and the feeling of the client's message are incorporated into the social worker's response
193
reflecting
The social worker uses reflection of feeling to restate and explore the client's affective (feeling) messages. The response may capture both feeling and content, but the emphasis is on feelings. You validate the client by conveying accurately an understanding of the client's feelings.
194
reframing
help families (and individuals) understand a symptom or pattern of behavior by seeing it in a different context
195
Culturagram
assessment shows impact of heritage and belief systems on a family’s interactions
196
family history collection
Gathering family histories should happen during the initial visit w/ the patient; history gathering should occur as early as possible to gain a broad understanding of the elements impacting clients; should happen prior to (SW) meeting w/ physician
197
a client has case management for several service sources
Have periodic case review conferences
198
enabling
behaviors include deny/minimize behavior of addict, support his explanations/excuses
199
Elderly client is driving less
could decrease social contacts/fewer socialization opportunities
200
Ombudsperson
ensures the home health service agency’s obligations and ethical duties are being fulfilled and its rules followed
Ombudsman definition, a government official who hears and investigates complaints by private citizens against other officials or government agencies.
ombudsperson, ombud, or public advocate is an official who is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints of mal-administration or a violation of rights.
201
paraprofessional
a person to whom a particular aspect of a professional task is delegated but who is not licensed to practice as a fully qualified professional.
202
care planning
assessing an individual's health, social risks and needs to determine the level and type of support required to meet those needs and objectives, and to achieve potential outcomes
203
interpersonal theory
. the theory of personality developed by Harry Stack Sullivan , which is based on the belief that people's interactions with other people, especially significant others, determine their sense of security, sense of self, and the dynamisms that motivate their behavior.
204
stages of ego development
```
Jane Loevinger
2 Stages
2.1 Impulsive (E2)
2.2 Self-Protective (E3)
2.3 Conformist (E4)
2.4 Self-Aware (E5)
2.5 Conscientious (E6)
2.6 Individualistic (E7)
2.7 Autonomous (E8)
2.8 Integrated (E9)
2.9 Possible tenth stag
```
205
Sharing leadership in group
effective in group - promotes positive group dynamics (supports client’s skill development as well)
206
when to discuss termination of group
termination discussed at first session for brief groups - clarify expectations and time frames
207
The three main factors affecting a team's cohesion (working together well) are:
environmental, personal and leadership.
208
Stages of Team Formation
Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing (mourning)
209
group norms
Prescriptive Norms: the socially appropriate way to respond in a social situation, or what group members are supposed to do (e.g. saying thank you after someone does a favour for you)
Proscriptive Norms: actions that group members should not do; prohibitive (e.g. not belching in public)
Descriptive Norms: describe what people usually do (e.g. clapping after a speech)
Injunctive Norms: describe behaviours that people ought to do; more evaluative in nature than a descriptive norm
210
program evaluation: impact eval
question of causality, intended effects
211
program evaluation: performance monitoring
key aspects of how system is operating and which objectives are attained
212
program evaluation: process eval
how program operates and procedures/activities in service delivery (find problems, overcome them)
213
program evaluation: logic model
simplified description of the program, the intended outputs, and the intended outcomes. Program characteristics include the population to be reached, the resources to be used, and identification of the types and levels of service elements. Outputs are immediate program products resulting from the internal operations of the program
214
policy analysis steps
```
1 define problem
2 determine eval criteria
3 identify alternative policies
4 evaluate the policies
5 select preferred policy
6 implement it
```
215
safety plan template (suicide prevention model)
```
1 warning signs of crisis
2 internal coping strategies
3 people/settings that provide distraction
4 people to ask for help
5 professionals/agencies to contact
6 making the environment safe
7 one thing important to live for
```
216
motion to quash
legal procedure to block/modify a subpoena
217
subpoenas
if client gives permission, SW gives info; SW could say client info is confidential and cannot be released w/out written client authorizaton (no client consent or client unavailable); if client did not give consent, SW should suggest the client's lawyer files a motion to quash
218
child welfare emergency placements
Each state has its own guidelines with varying definitions of emergency foster care, but typically a temporary placement lasts between 72 hours and 30 days.
219
sex differences in addiction
women may experience more pleasurable responses to drugs than men;
more likely to self medicate than men (men want to engage in risky behaviors to be part of a group);
women escalate more quickly;
side effects of drug use are greater for women;
women have increased negative affect during withdrawal and experience greater stress response;
women relapse more often and sporadically (men have longer periods of abstinence)
220
Common symptoms for paranoid schizophrenia
include auditory hallucinations (hearing voices or sound effects) and paranoid delusions (believing everyone is out to cause the sufferer harm). ... A delusion is a belief that is held strongly even when the evidence shows otherwise.
221
noncitizen public assistance
LPRs with a substantial work history (defined as 40 quarters of Social Security covered earnings)
or military connection are eligible for the full range of programs, as are asylees, refugees, and
other humanitarian cases (for at least five to seven years after entry)
222
power and control wheel - abuse dynamics
coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional A, economic A, isolation, using children, male/female roles, minimize/blame/deny
223
intervention stages basics
engage, assess, plan, intervene, evaluate, terminate
224
gay identity development
```
1 identity awareness/confusion
2 ID comparison
3ID tolerance
4 ID acceptance
5 ID Pride
ID synthesis
```
225
transtheoretical model of change stages
```
precontemplation = no
contemplation = maybe
preparation = prepare/plan
action = do
maintenance = keep going
```
226
ethical decision making model steps
1 assess situation from multiple perspectives/issues
2 determine issues that create the ethical problem
3 consider alternatives and weight their pros/cons
4 consult w/ colleagues/experts
5 review alternatives w/ client and document
6 implement best alternative
7 monitor/evaluate/document
227
cycle of abuse
1 tension building
2 incident
3 reconciliation
4 calm
228
Involuntary commitment
Involuntary commitment involves the protection and safety of the client - at high risk for suicide
legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified agent to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is ordered by a court into treatment in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) or in the community (outpatient).
Criteria for civil commitment are established by laws which vary between nations. Commitment proceedings often follow a period of emergency hospitalization, during which an individual with acute psychiatric symptoms is confined for a relatively short duration (e.g. 72 hours) in a treatment facility for evaluation and stabilization by mental health professionals who may then determine whether further civil commitment is appropriate or necessary.
229
drugs to treat mental illness:
| depression
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (prozac, zoloft)
Selective serotonin & norepinephrine inhibitors (SNRIs) (cymbalta)
Older tricyclic antidepressants
Drugs that are thought to affect mainly dopamine and norepinephrine such as bupropion (Wellbutrin).
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
230
drugs to treat mental illness:
| depression continued
In some cases, a combination of antidepressants sometimes called augmentation, may be necessary. Sometimes an antidepressant combined with a different type of drug, such as a mood stabilizer (like Lithium), a second antidepressant, or atypical anti-psychotic drug, is the most effective treatment.
231
drugs to treat mental illness:
| anxiety
Antidepressants, particularly the SSRIs, may also be effective in treating many types of anxiety disorders.
Other anti-anxiety medications include the benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), and lorazepam (Ativan). These drugs carry a risk of addiction, so they are not as desirable for long-term use
232
drugs to treat mental illness: psychotic disorders
Antipsychotics are a class of drugs
sometimes to treat mood disorders such as bipolar disorder or major depression.
Newer antipsychotic drugs include:
```
Aripiprazole (Abilify)
Asenapine (Saphris)
Cariprazine (Vraylar)
Clozapine (Clozaril)
Lurasidone (Latuda)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Questiapine (Seroquel)
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
```
233
drugs to treat mental illness:
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
The most commonly used stimulants include amphetamine salt combo (Adderall, Adderall XR), mettttthylphenidate (Daytrana), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse), and methylphenidate (Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin). Recently, the FDA approved a once a day treatment of mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product called dextroamphetamine-amphetamine (Mydayis).
A class of drugs, called alpha agonists, are nonstiumulant medicines that are also sometimes used to treat ADHD. Examples include clonidine (Catapres) and guanfacine (Intuniv).
Atomoxetine (Strattera) also has FDA-approval for the treatment of ADHD. It is a non-stimulant more similar to the SNRI antidepressants.
The antidepressant drug, buproprion (Wellbutrin) is also used to treat ADHD at times.
234
SW theories: systems theory
• People are not isolated individuals but operate as part of wider networks or "systems"
235
SW theories: ecological approach
Ecological Approach • Germain and Gitterman – "Life model" (1980 / 1996) -people are interdependent with each other and their environment – each influences the other over time.
• People move through their own unique life course and may encounter "stressors" – some of which may make them feel they cannot cope.
• People employ coping mechanisms and draw on resources in the environment, social networks and inner resources. • Acknowledgement of interrelationship between person and environment.
• Consideration of a range of resources to support people – both internal and external. • As above.
236
SW theories: task centered approach
* Brief work within explicit time limits
* Collaborative approach between worker and service user – based on a contract.
* Systematic work
* Includes some behavioural ideas but mainly a cognitive approach
* Usual to take action to get what you want
* Action guided by beliefs about self and world
* Time-limits help motivate service users
* People may “get stuck” if they have to deal with a certain issue over and over
237
SW theories: crisis intervention
* Brief intervention – deals with immediate issues rather than longer term problems
* Based on ego-psychology and cognitive-behavioural models – serious events have an impact on the way people think about themselves and their emotional reactions
* Assumes we live in “steady state” – able to cope with change
* Crises upset the steady state and provide opportunity to improve skills / risk of failure
* Crises can reawaken unresolved issues from the past but offer a chance to correct non-adjustment to past events.
238
SW theories: Cognitive-behavioural approach / Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
* Rather than being an "insight based therapy" it uses techniques from behaviourism, social learning theory and cognitive theory.
* Based on the assumption that our thoughts, beliefs, images and attitudes influence our behaviour and if these are changed, our behaviour will change.
* "Self-talk" reinforces irrational thinking.
* Involves identifying and reframing unhelpful beliefs. Worker teaches service user to challenge own beliefs.
* Can involve modifying behaviour using a system of rewards.
* Use of ABC system – activating event – belief – consequence
239
SW theories: Solution-Focused Approach
* Cognitive approach
* Focus on understanding solutions rather than on problems
* Post-modern therapy based on theories of language and meaning.
* Uses knowledge of service users
* Avoids diagnostic labelling – considers this disempowering
* Focus on difference and exceptions
* Person is not the problem
* Assessment based on strengths not deficits
* Talking can construct experience
240
SW theories: Person Centred Approach
Person Centred Approach
(nb different to Person-Centred Care) • Based on the work of Carl Rogers
• Sets out the principles of empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard as necessary in the helping relationship.
• Non-directive approach
• Based on the idea that everyone has the capacity to develop and grow.
241
SW theories: Psychosocial Model
* Based on the idea that people have inner worlds and outer realities.
* Certain events remind us of past events we have tried to block out.
* Events can take on greater emotional significance.
* People develop in a series of stages and "faulty personality development" in childhood can affect our responses later in life.
* Considers "defense mechanisms" we deploy to protect the ego.
242
SW theories: recovery model
* Model used in Mental Health services which emphasises recovery rather than illness.
* Recovery does not necessarily mean being "symptom-free" but regaining a sense of control and purpose
* Not being defined by a label or diagnosis.
* Recognises strengths of the individual
243
SW theories: narrative approcah
* SW encourages the person to describe their life in their own words.
* Opportunity to tell their story, an in the process define identity.
* SW can support the person to feel in control of the narrative and draw their attention to the possibility of a different narrative for the future
244
DSM5: neurodevelopmental disorders
intellectual disabilities; communication disorders; autism, ADHD, specific learning disorder, motor disorders, tic disorders,
245
DSM5: schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders
scizotypal (personality) disorder, delusional disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder
246
schizotypal (personality) disorder
social/interpersonal deficits, acute discomfort and reduced capacity for close relationships; distorions and eccentricities of behavior (delusions, odd beliefs, weird perceptions)
247
schizophreniform disorder
delusions/hallucinations/disorganized speech 1-6 month episodes
248
schizophrenia
delusions/hallucinations/disorganized speech
level of functioning impacted
continuous signs of disturbance persist 6 months
249
schizoaffective disorder
major mood episode (depressive or manic) concurrent w/ criteria A for schizphrenia
250
DSM5: bipolar
BP1, BP2, cyclothymic
251
Bipolar 1
must meet criteria for manic episode; major depressive episodes may occur
252
Bipolar 2
current/past hypomanic episode and current/past major depresive episode (never been a manic episode -- hypo is shorter, not severe enough to impair, psychotic features are manic)
253
DSM5: depressive disorders
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
254
DSM5: anxiety disorders
separation anxiety, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder/social phobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder
255
DSM5: obsessive-compulsive
OCD, body dysmorphic diosrder, hoarding, trichotillomania (hair pulling) excoriation (skin picking)
256
DSM5: trauma and stressor related disorders
reactive attachment, disinhibited social engagement disorder, PTSD, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders
257
DSM5: dissociative disorders
dissociative ID disorder, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder
258
DSM5: somatic symptom and related
somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder) , factitious disorder (self, another)
259
DSM5: feeding/eating
pica, rumination disorder, anorexia, bulimia, binge eating
260
DSM5: elimination
enuresis, encopresisis
261
DSM5: sleep-wake disorders
insomnia, hypersomnolence, narcolepsy; breathing-related: obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea, central sleep apnea, sleep related hypoventilation, ciccadian rhythm sleep wake disorders; parasomnias: non rapid eye movement sleep arousal (slepwalking, sleep terror), nightmare disorder, RLS,
262
DSM5: sexual dysfunctions
delayed/premature ejaculation, erectile disorder, female orgasmic disorder,
263
DSM5: gender dysphoria
(posttransition)
264
DSM5: disruptive, impulse control, conduct disorders
ODD, conduct, antisocial personality disorder, pyromania, kleptomania
265
DSM5: substance related/addictive
each w/ use disorder, intoxication, withdrawal
alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogen, inhalant, opioid, sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic, stimulant, tobacco, other; gambling
266
DSM5: neurocognitive disorders
delirium, major/mild neurocognitive disorders (Alzheimers; lewy bodies; vascular; HIV, prion disease, parkinsons, huntingtons)
267
DSM5: paraphilic disorders
voyeuristic, exhibitionistic, mascchism, sadism, pedophilic, fetishistic, transvestic
268
DSM5 personality disorders cluster A
paranoid
schizoid
schizotypal personality disorders
269
DSM5 personality disorders cluster B
antisocial
borderline
histrionic
narcissistic personality disorders
270
DSM5 personality disorders cluster C
avoidant
dependent
obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
271
paranoid personality disorder
pattern of distrust/suspiciousness - others motives are malevolent
272
schizoid personality disorder
pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression
273
schizotypal personality disorder
acute discomfort in close relationships, distortions, eccentric behavior
274
antisocial personality disorder
disregard/violation of rights of others
275
borderline personality disorder
instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, impulsivity
276
histrionic personality disorder
excessive emotionality and attention seeking
277
narcissistic personality disorder
gradiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
278
avoidant personality disorder
social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
279
dependent personality disorder
submissing, clinging behavior, excessive need to be taken care of
280
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
pattern of preoccupation w/ orderliness, perfectionism, control
