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Bioscience 2 > LSB282 > Flashcards

LSB282 Flashcards

1
Q

How does failure of one side of the heart lead to failure of the other side of the heart?

A

The backward effects of the left sided failure lead to right sided failure

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2
Q

Clinical features of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

A

Rapid onset, polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, glycosuria

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3
Q

What does insulin do?

A

the only hormone that LOWERS blood glucose levels in the blood

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4
Q

What is glycated haemoglobin?

A

An indicator of blood glucose level in the past 120 days

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5
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Insufficient oxygen at the tissues or cells

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6
Q

During the process of catabolism, what occurs?

A

Large molecules are broken down

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7
Q

What causes acute inflammation?

A

Increased capillary permeability, increase blood supply to area, proteins and fluid exiting the blood vessel

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8
Q

The main differences between short term and long term stress are that long term stress…

A
  1. Has significant links to disease, but short term does not.
  2. Is mainly mediated by cortisol, but short term is not.
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9
Q

Does necrosis require suicide genes?

A

No

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10
Q

Does apoptosis require ATP?

A

Yes

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11
Q

Does apoptosis cause nearby cells to undergo apoptosis?

A

No - Necrosis does

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12
Q

Does necrosis cause inflammation?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Do type 1 and type 2 diabetics suffer from either acute or chronic complications?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

the process of storing glucose

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15
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Opposite of insulin - hormone that stimulates the INCREASE of blood glucose levels by releasing it from storage (liver - stores fatty acids, muscles - stores amino acids, adipose - stores triglycerides)

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16
Q

What is the difference between glucogen and glycagon?

A

Glucagon is a hormone, glycogen is a large glucose storage molecule.

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17
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Creating new glucose from a non glucose source, eg, amino acids and lipids are converted to glucose

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18
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose

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19
Q

What is hyperglycaemia?

A

High BGL - two types…insufficient insulin production or insufficient response to insulin - insulin resistant.

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20
Q

Clinical features to hyperglycaemia?

A

Polyphagia, Polydipsia, Polyuria, Glycosuria, lethargic, rapid weight loss, dry skin, dry mouth, fruity breath, rapid deep breath

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21
Q

What is considered normal BGL?

A

Fasting less than 5.4 mmol/ml

2 hours after eating less than 7.8 mmol/ml

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22
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Usually diagnosed in children, acute onset, insufficient insulin production (autoimmune destroys pancreatic beta cells and inhibits insulin production)

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23
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Mainly in adults over 35 yrs, slow onset, largely preventable, insulin secreted but not effective. Persistent hyperglycaemia (glucose not getting out of blood). Excessive amount of insulin in blood not working, cells starving (hyperinsulinaemia)

24
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

Low BGL (less than 3.5 mmol/l) - both types at risk. Insulin supply more than required for available glucose. Too much insulin can cause insulin shock - can be fatal. Causes, insufficient food, drinking alcohol, unplanned physical activity.

25
Q

Symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A

Weak, shaking, sweating, hungry, ldizzy, unfocused, headache, increase HR, irritable, anxious

26
Q

Treatment of hypoglycaemia

A

(mild-moderate) Quickly absorbed carbohydrate, eg, jelly beans, honey, sweet drink - followed by complex carbohydrate (slowly absorbed eg, bread, dried fruit)
(severe) Unconscious, unable to swallow - medical emergency, hormone injection/IV (glucagon) to increase BGL

27
Q

Treatment hyperglycaemia

A

Medical emergency, insulin replacement, treat dehydration - fluid and electrolyte replacement

28
Q

Oxygen-derived free radicals can be a concern with ischaemia-reperfusion injury because…

A

cell antioxidants appear to be less effective after ischaemia

29
Q

What physical responses would occur with mental stress?

A

Increased heart rate, increased respiration, increased BGL’s

30
Q

After suffering from a haemorrhage due to trauma, multiple physiological responses would occur, for example..?

A

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

31
Q

The sympathetic nervous system does what to the heart rate?

A

Increases the heart rate

32
Q

Ischaemia to the heart muscle can cause?

A

hypoxia, angina pectoris, necrosis, MI - not apoptosis

33
Q

Is vasoconstriction a response to acute inflammatory response?

A

No - Vasodilation is a response along with heat, pain and swelling

34
Q

When a person loses weight what happens to the adipose cells?

A

They will decrease in size but not in number

35
Q

Where is fat deposited in Android obesity?

A

Around the visceral organs in the abdomen

36
Q

What is another name for pear shape obesity?

A

Gynoid obesity

37
Q

Why is the renin-angiontensin-aldesterone system activated with heart failure?

A

Insufficient blood flow to the kidneys

38
Q

What does adipose cells do?

A

Secrete Leptin which suppresses appetite

39
Q

Increased abdominal fat causes which hormonal abnormality?

A

Insulin resistance

40
Q

What is commonly associated with obesity?

A

Prostate and breast cancers, dysplipidaemia, insulin resistance – NOT hypotension (low blood pressure) - normally high (hypertension)

41
Q

Is increased oncogene activity associated with an increased risk of cancer?

A

YES

42
Q

Is increased p53 activity associated with an increased risk of cancer?

A

NO

43
Q

Is increased proto-oncogene activity associated with an increased risk of cancer?

A

NO

44
Q

The development of cancer usually involves…?

A

Angiogenesis which is the growth of new blood vessels

45
Q

What is BMI and what is normal?

A

Body mass index - 25 to 30 normal, above 30 obese

46
Q

What do proto-oncogenes do?

A

Regulate cell growth and division

47
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Too many red blood cells produced - results in increased blood viscosity

48
Q

Why does chronic inflammation increase the risk of cancer?

A

Inflammatory cells release COX2 which increases production of prostoglandins which increase risk of cancer

49
Q

Lymphoma?

A

Is the excessive production of abnormal lymphocytes.
It is characterised by lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes.
Mostly affects those over 50yrs

50
Q

Process of blood coagulation requires the following…

A

calcium, factor X., fibrinogen

51
Q

Those at risk of developing polycythaemia include…

A

COPD, HF, High altitude, smokers

52
Q

What diseases are associated with endothelial cell dysfunction?

A

Atherosclerosis, DVT

53
Q

Atherosclerosis and DVT both have what dysfunction

A

Endothelial cell dysfunction

54
Q

Heparin is released from intact endothelial cells?

A

YES

55
Q

Heparin inactivates clotting factors?

A

YES

56
Q

Heparin inhibits production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors?

A

NO

Bioscience 2 (1 decks)

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