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Psych of Sex > LSAT-Logical Reasoning > Flashcards

LSAT-Logical Reasoning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?
The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?

A

Find the answer choice
that is almost certainly
true if the information in
the passage is true.

This is a “Soft must be true question”

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2
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?

Which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the information above?

A

Find the answer choice that would make the argument in the passage more convincing

This is a “Strengthen Question”

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3
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?

Which one of the following conforms most closely to the principle stated above?

A

Find the answer choice that presents a valid argument based on the rule in the passage

This is a “Soft Must Be True (Principle) Question”

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4
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?

Which one of the following best illustrates the principle illustrated by the argument above?

A

Find the answer choice that presents a valid argument, based on the implicit rule the argument in the passage is using.

This is a “Parallel (Principle) Question”

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5
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?

Each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

A

Find the answer choice that must be false if the information in the passage is true

This is a “Must be False” Question

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6
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?

The answer to which one of the following questions would be most helpful in evaluating the argument?

A

Find the answer choice that presents a question that’s relevant to determining how convincing the argument in the passage is

This is a “Crux Question”

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7
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?

Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the technique of reasoning employed in the argument?

A

Find the answer choice that describes how the argument in the passage uses the evidence to reach the conclusion

This is a “Describe Question”

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8
Q

What is this logical reasoning prompt asking you to do?

The last sentence figures in the argument in which of the following ways?

A

Find the answer choice that describes what role (e.g., premise, conclusion, subsidiary conclusion, etc.) the last sentence plays in the argument in the passage.

This is a “Role Question:

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9
Q

What are the 3 families of logical reasoning questions?

A

Implication
Characterization
Operation

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10
Q

In which family are the statements in the stimulus always accepted as true?

A

Implication:
(Must Be True, Soft Must Be True, Must Be
False)

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11
Q

In which family are the answer choices always accepted as true?

A

Operation
*True
*False
*Sometimes
*Never

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12
Q

What are indicator words for premises?

A

*Since
*Because
*For
*As
*After all
*Given that
*Moreover

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13
Q

What are indicator words for conclusions?

A

*Therefore
*Thus
*Hence
*So
*As a result`
*Clearly
*Consequently
*It follows

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14
Q

What is a subsidiary or intermediate conclusion?

A

A conclusion that is supported by at least one premise and that itself supports another conclusion

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15
Q

What is an assumption?

A

A claim that is not explicitly stated but that must be true in order for a conclusion to follow logically from the premises

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16
Q

What is a valid argument

A

An argument in which the conclusion must be true if the premises are true

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17
Q

What is an invalid argument

A

An argument in which assumptions are required because the conclusion does not necessarily follow, even if the premises are true

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18
Q

What is the correct process for evaluating an argument?

A
  1. Identify (Underline) the conclusion
  2. Identify the premises
  3. Evaluate the validity by identifying any assumptions that are made
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19
Q

What is a sufficient condition?

A

A condition that is enough to guarantee that another condition or conditions are met

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20
Q

What are words that indicate sufficiency

A

*If
*All
*Any
*When
*Whenever
*Every
*Each
*In the event that
*As long as
*Provided
*In order to
*People who
*Those who

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21
Q

What is a necessary condition?

A

A condition that is REQUIRED or MUST be true for another condition to be met

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22
Q

What are words that indicate necessity?

A

*Then
*Only
*If
*Only when
*Needs
*Requires
*Must
*Depends
*Relies
*Demands
*Always
*Is/Are
*Will

23
Q

Does the word ONLY introduce a sufficient or necessary condition?

A

Necessary condition

24
Q

To diagram an UNLESS statement, replace “unless” with what term?

A

if not

25
Q

What is the fallacy of the converse?

A

Taking a necessary condition to be enough to meet a sufficient condition

i.e., assuming that A>B implies B>A

26
Q

What is the fallacy of the inverse?

A

Taking the fact that a sufficient condition is not met to guarantee that a necessary condition cannot be met.

i.e., assuming that A>B implies No A>B

27
Q

What is the contrapositive

A

A valid inference in which the fact that a necessary condition is not met guarantees that a sufficient condition cannot be met

i.e.,
A > B implies
No B > No A

28
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive
It will B if A

A

A > B (No B > No A)

29
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive
All X are Y

A

X > Y (No Y > No X)

30
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive
H only if G

A

H > G (No G > No H)

31
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive
Only when M does it N

A

N > M (No M > No N)

32
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive
The only C are D

A

C > D (No D > No C)

33
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive
P if and only if R

A

P<>R

34
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive
If it is not V, then X
Only if Y

A

No V > (X > Y)
can also
diagrammed as
X > V
or
Y (No V and
No Y > No X)

35
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive

If E, the F or G but not both

A

E > (F or G) and (No F or
No G)
(F and G) or (No F and
No G) > No E

36
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive

Must be S for Both T and U

A

T and U >
S (No S > No T or No U)

37
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive

No H unless I

A

No I > No H (H>I)

38
Q

Diagram the statement and the Contrapositive

W is required without X

A

No X>W (No W>X)

39
Q

What keywords that indicate weak modality

A

*May
*Might
*Can
*Could
*Possibly
*Often

40
Q

What are key words indicate moderate modality?

A

*Probably
*Likely
*Usually
*Most of the time
*Majority of the time

41
Q

What key words indicate strong modality?

A

*Must
*Is
*Are
*Needs
*Will
*Does
*Do
*Always

42
Q

What key words indicate weak quantification

A

* Some
* Few
* Several
* A significant number
* Many

43
Q

What key words indicate strong quantification>

A

*All
*Any
*Every
*Nearly all

44
Q

What key words indicate moderate quantification?

A

*Most
*Majority
*More than half

45
Q

On a “Must Be True” question without conditional statements in the stimulus, is the correct answer choice likely to be strong or weak?

A

Weak

46
Q

On a “Soft Must Be True” question, is the correct answer choice likely to be strong or weak

A

weak

47
Q

is it common to diagram a “must Be True” question?

A

yes

48
Q

Is it common to diagram a “soft Must Be True” question

A

No

49
Q

Is it common to diagram a “Must Be False” question?

A

Yes

50
Q

What should you look for on a “main Point” question?

A

Main conclusion; indications of the author’s attitude

51
Q

What are the nine common answers to “Describe” questions

A

*Rejecting alternatives
*General principle
*Appealing to an
authority
*Counterexample
*Analogy
*Alternative explanation
*Disagreeing with a line
of reasoning
*Directly undermining a
premise or conclusion
*Offering a new
consideration
*Challenging an
assumption

52
Q

Is it common to diagram a “parallel” Question?

A

Yes

53
Q
A

Psych of Sex (1 decks)

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