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LS Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the physical changes of ageing

A
  1. Osteoporosis
  2. arthritis
  3. reproductive changes
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2
Q

Osteoporosis

A

disease in which bones become porous and easy to break

Wear and tear disease, common in manual labor, athletes

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3
Q

Arthritis

A

a disease of the joints that affects different joints and causes different types of pain

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4
Q

Climacteric

A

the biological process during which women pass from their reproductive to non-reproductive years

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5
Q

Perimenopause

A

the transition from regular menstruation to menopause

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6
Q

Menopause

A

the point at which menstruation stops

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7
Q

what are some of the effects and symptoms of hormonal changes during menopause

A

hot flashes, night sweats, headaches, mood changes, low libido,

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8
Q

Estrogen loss after menopause can lead to

A

osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and incontinence

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9
Q

what is Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)

A

counter symptoms associated with menopause

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10
Q

what reproductive changes do men experience in middle age?

A

Gradual decline in testosterone levels and quantity of sperm

Prostate gland enlarges and becomes stiffer

Prostate cancer is a risk

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11
Q

Practical Intelligence

A

skills related to how individuals shape, select, or adapt to their environments,

“real-life” situations, different from fluid and crystallized intelligence

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12
Q

what are the differences in adult learning compared to other learning

A

​​Need to know why they are learning something before undertaking it

Enter a learning situation with more and different experiences to build on

Prefer to learn things that are necessary for real-world problems

Are more motivated to learn by internal factors rather than external factors

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13
Q

whats the 5 factor trait model

A

Neuroticism: those high on this dimension are anxious, hostile, self-conscious, and impulsive

Extraversion: those high on this dimension love social interaction, talking, stimulation, etc.

Openness to experience: those high on this dimension have a vivid imagination and are willing to try new things

Agreeableness: those high on this dimension are accepting, cooperative, and caring

Conscientiousness: those high on this dimension tend to be hardworking, ambitious, and energetic

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14
Q

Stagnation

A

state in which people are unable to deal with the needs of their children or to provide mentoring

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15
Q

Generativity

A

being productive by helping others to ensure the continuation of society by guiding the next generation

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16
Q

whats eriksans 7th stage

A

stagnation vs genertivity

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17
Q

kinkeeper

A

the person who gathers family members together for celebrations and keeps them in touch with one another

Usually a middle-aged mother

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18
Q

Sandwich Generation

A

middle-aged adults who are caught between the competing demands of two generations — their parents and their children
Positive and negative implications

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19
Q

negative implications of the sandwich generation

A

Conflict from needing to care for both parents and one’s own children

The financial cost

stress: trouble coping with declines in parent’s functioning and the loss of their previous relationship

If caregiving infringes on other responsibilities, the situation is likely to be perceived as negative

Feelings of depression, resentment, and guilt are experienced

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20
Q

filial obligation

A

a sense of obligation to care for one’s parents if necessary

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21
Q

Positive implications of the sandwich generation

A

Brings parents and adult children closer together; provides a sense of “giving back”

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22
Q

boomerang kids

A

College debt, poor economic situation, and unavailability of jobs are mostly to blame for coming home

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23
Q

grandparents

A

No matter their grandparenting style, grandparents find the role meaningful

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24
Q

caring for grandchildren

A

Perform societal functions that characterize being a grandparent (e.g., passing on family history)
Perform functions to gain personal satisfaction

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25
Q

Two major theories of aging

A

Programmed theories, and Damage or error theories

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26
Q

Damage or error theories

A

Wear-and-tear theory

Cellular theories

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27
Q

Programmed theories

A

a biological clock in which cells start to self-destruct

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28
Q

Two types of neuron changes

A

Neurofibrillary tangles
Neuritic plaques

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29
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

masses formed when fibers in axons become twisted together

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30
Q

Neuritic plaques

A

changes produced when damaged and dying neurons collect around a core of protein

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31
Q

cardiovascular and respiratory problems that increase with age.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

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32
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD

A

most common form of incapacitating respiratory disease among older adults (emphysema-smoking)

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33
Q

Stroke or cerebral vascular accident (CVA):

A

caused by an interruption of blood flow in the brain due to blockage or hemorrhage

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34
Q

Explicit memory

A

deliberate and conscious remembering of information learned and remembered at a specific time

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35
Q

two types of explicit memory

A

episodic and semantic

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36
Q

episodic memory

A

conscious recollection of information from a specific time or event

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37
Q

Semantic memory

A

remembering meanings of words or concepts not tied to a specific time or event

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38
Q

implicit memory

A

the unconscious remembering of information learned at an earlier point in time

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39
Q

Dementia

A

a family of diseases involving serious impairment of behavioral and cognitive functioning

40
Q

alzteimers

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance

Abnormal buildup of certain proteins
Build-up leads to tangles and plaques
Healthy neurons stop functioning, die

41
Q

Autosomal dominant inheritance

A

the presence of certain genes means that there is a 100% chance of the person eventually getting the disease

42
Q

parkinsins disease

A

a brain disease known for its characteristic motor symptoms

Very slow walking, difficulty getting in and out of chairs, and slow hand tremor

Caused by a decrease of dopamine in brain
Treated with medication and surgery

43
Q

what are the brain-changing effects of excirsize for people with dementia and Alzheimers

A

Creates new neural networks, stimulates attention and learning.

44
Q

Intrinsic goals

A

personally gratifying

45
Q

Extrinsic goals

A

Money/prestige

46
Q

Integrity vs. despair

A

the process in late life when people try to make sense of their lives

47
Q

Life review

A

the process by which people reflect on the events and experiences of their lifetimes

48
Q

in Erikson’s last stage integrity vs despair, how must one achieve integrity

A

To achieve integrity, they must accept the choices they made and become self-accepting

49
Q

what’s the importance of spiritually later in life

A

Religious adults have better physical and mental health than those who are not religious

Accepting what you can’t change and handing it over to god.

50
Q

whats hard about retirement and what can help

A

Forced retirement can be hard

Retires must stay social by volunteering and staying social

51
Q

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

A

basic self-care tasks such as eating, bathing, toileting, walking, and dressing

52
Q

Instrumental activities of daily living

A

actions that require some intellectual competence and planning

53
Q

Sense of place

A

the cognitive and emotional attachments that a person puts on their place of residence

54
Q

Green House Project

A

small neighborhood homes for 6-10 residents

High level of care

Determine schedule,

Report better quality of life.

less decline in ability to carry out ADLs compared with traditional nursing home

55
Q

what are the different types of elder abuse

A

financial, emotional, physical, mental

56
Q

whats the problem with the social security and medicare system currently

A

By 2030, there will be nearly twice as many people collecting Social Security per worker paying into the system
Medicare is funded by a payroll tax
Faces the same dilemma as Social Security

57
Q

Wear-and-tear theory

A

suggests that the body (like a machine) gradually deteriorates and finally wears out

58
Q

Cellular theories

A

processes occurring in individual cells,

the buildup of harmful substances or the deterioration of cells

59
Q

Euthanasia

A

The practice of ending the lifefor reasoning of mercy

60
Q

active Euthanasia

A

The deliberate ending of someones life.
Ex; Administering a a drug overdose

61
Q

Passive Euthanasia

A

Allowing the person to die by withholding available treatment
ex; disconnecting ventilator, not getting chemotherapy, etc

62
Q

Physician-Assisted Suicide

A

the process in which physicians provide lethal amount of drugs and patient administers.

63
Q

Death with dignitiy act (1994)

A

Three requests must be made by the patient, spaced 15 days apart
Screened for issues such as depression, mentally competent
Given alternatives.

64
Q

Kubler-Ross Theory

A

How people react to the process of death

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

65
Q

Coping process

A

Acknowledging reality of loss
Woking through emotional turmoil
Adjusting to an environment in which the deceased is absent
Losing ties to the deceased.

66
Q

Grief

A

Grief is the sorrow, hurt, anger, confusion, and other feelings that arise after experiencing loss.

67
Q

Nature/nurture

A

Are personal characteristics inherited (nature) or brought about by the environment (nurture)

68
Q

continuity/discontinuity

A

do personal characteristics remain the same, or progress smoothly (continuity), or are they a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity)

69
Q

Universal vs. Context specific issue

A

Is there just one developmental path or several.

70
Q

What are Ericksens 8 stages of psychological development

A
  1. Basic trust vs. mistrust
  2. autonomy vs. shame
  3. Initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs. inferiority
  5. identity vs. identity confusion
  6. intimacy vs. isolation
  7. generatively vs. stagnation
  8. integrity vs. despair
71
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. pre-operational thought
  3. concrete and operational thought
  4. formal operational thought
72
Q

True attachment

A

Single out the attachment figure and show her trust, Separation anxiety

73
Q

Reciprocal relationships

A

Separation protests decline, increasing cognitive and language skills, begin to understand parents’ goals

74
Q

Secure attachment

A

Baby may/may not cry when mother leaves the room, but wants to be with her when she returns, 60-65% of American babies display this

75
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Baby doesn’t cry when mother leaves, and looks away from her when she returns.

76
Q

Resistant attachment

A

Baby is upset when mother leaves, still upset and hard to console when she returns.

77
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Baby is confused when mother leaves and returns; acts in contradictory ways towards mother.

78
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

parents lay down rules and expect them to be followed without discussion

79
Q

Authoritative parenting

A

parents explain rules and encourage discussion

80
Q

Permissive parenting

A

parents generally accept their child’s behavior and punish infrequently

81
Q

Uninvolved parenting

A

parents do little else but provide for child’s basic needs

82
Q

What are the brain changes in brain development during adolesence

A
  1. Working memory and processing speed
  2. Content Knowledge
  3. Strategies and metacognition
  4. Problem-solving and reasoning
83
Q

Working memory and processing speed state during adolescence

A

Adolescents have adult-like working memory capacity and processing speed, enabling them to process information efficiently.

84
Q

Content knowledge state during adolescence

A

Adolescents’ greater knowledge of the world facilitates understanding and memory of new experiences

85
Q

Strategies and metacognition state during adolescence

A

Adolescents are better able to identify task-appropriate strategies and monitor the effectiveness of those strategies.

86
Q

Problem solving and reasoning

A

Adolescents solve problems analytically using mathematics or logic

able to detect weaknesses in scientific evidence and logical arguments

87
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence

A

dismissed the idea of general intelligence

proposed 9 distinct intelligence

neurological basis, but requires education over time to develop

88
Q

Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence

A

using abilities to achieve personal goals, Analytic ability, Creative ability, and Practical ability

89
Q

Adolescent egocentrism

A

a teen’s focus on his/her own feelings and experiences

90
Q

Often characterized by an imaginary audience

A

the belief that their peers are constantly watching them

91
Q

Personal fable:

A

belief that their own experiences and feelings are unique and no one has ever felt like this before

92
Q

Illusion of invulnerability

A

belief that misfortune only happens to others

93
Q

Fluid intelligence:

A

the abilities that make people flexible and adaptive thinkers, allow them to make inferences and enable

Includes reasoning and abstract thinking

94
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture

95
Q

5 steps in emerging adulthood

A
  1. identity exploration
  2. age of instability
    - frequent changes: jobs residence, relationships
  3. age of self-focus
    - less obligated to others
  4. age of feeling in between
  5. age of possibilities
96
Q

Vygotsky’s proximal development theory

A

the idea that infants develop new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals

final exams (3 decks)

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