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Medical Terminology Exam 2 > LS-9 > Flashcards

LS-9 Flashcards

The Heart

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which valve connects the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Mitral Valve

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2
Q

connects right ventricle & outgoing blood vessel

A

pulmonary artery

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3
Q

Inflammation of a valve

A

Valvulitis

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4
Q

Incision into vein

A

phlebotomy

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5
Q

Cardiovascular system does what

A

body’s transport system

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6
Q

what does the cardiovascular system provide

A

nourishment
cleanup services
communication

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7
Q

what are the two parts?

A 
heart (cardio)
Blood vessels (vascular)
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8
Q

Left side of heart

A

receives oxygenated blood from lungs. Delivers to the body

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9
Q

Right side of heart

A

receives blood from body & delivers oxygen poor blood to lungs

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10
Q

2 upper chambers

A

atria

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11
Q

2 lower chambers

A

ventricles

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12
Q

separates the left & right side

A

muscular septum

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13
Q

between the right atrium & ventricle

A

Tricupsid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

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14
Q

between left atrium & ventricle

A

mitral valve (left atrioventricular valve)

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15
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

mitral valve

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16
Q

right atrioventricular valve

A

tricupsid valve

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17
Q

Valves between each ventricle & large artery

A

pulmonary valve

aortic valves

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18
Q

Valve between right ventricle & pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary valve

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19
Q

Valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

Aortic valve

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20
Q

valve

A

valvul/o

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21
Q

valvulotomy

A

incision into a heart valve

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22
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a heart valve

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23
Q

atrium

A

atri/o

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24
Q

atrium

A

upper chamber of the heart

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25
Q

quivering of atrial heart muscle

A

atrial fibrillation

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26
Q

sept/o

A

septum

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27
Q

atrial septal defect

A

abnormal presence of a hole between right & left atria

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28
Q

surgical repair of septum

A

septoplasty

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29
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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30
Q

ventriculotomy

A

incision into the ventricle

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31
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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32
Q

cardiology

A

study of the heart

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33
Q

cardiac arrest

A

heart is not beating

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34
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart muscle

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35
Q

coron/o

A

heart

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36
Q

coronary artery

A

artery that delivers oxygent & nutrients to heart muscle

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37
Q

coronary thrombosis

A

clot in a coronary artery

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38
Q

Cardiovascular system is a _____system of tubes that carry blood to and from the heart

A

closed

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39
Q

Two specific circulations

A

pulmonary

systeminc

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40
Q

pulmonary circulaion

A

takes blood from right side of heart out pulmonary artery to lungs to pick up oxygen & get rid of carbon dioxide. Blod returned to heart in the left atrium

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41
Q

how is blood returned to heart

A

left atrium

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42
Q

Systemic circulation?

A

take oxygenated blood->deliver to tissues. Picks up carbon dioxide & waste products such as urea

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43
Q

3 types of vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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44
Q

Arteries?

A

take blood away from heart

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45
Q

Veins?

A

carry blood to the heart

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46
Q

Capillaries?

A

only vessels where nutrients & wastes & gases leave and enter the blood.

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47
Q

3 roots that mean vessel

A

angi/o
vas/o
vascul/o

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48
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical reconstruction of a vessel

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49
Q

angiogram

A

record of the blood vessels

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50
Q

vasodilator

A

drug that causes relaxation or expansion of a blood vessel

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51
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of blood vessels

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52
Q

aort/o

A

aorta (vessel that carries blood from left ventricle to systemic circulation

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53
Q

aortitis

A

inflammation of the aorta

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54
Q

aortolith

A

stone in the aorta

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55
Q

arteri/o

A

means artery (muscular vessel that takes lood away from the heart)

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56
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the artery

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57
Q

endarterectomy

A

REmoval of the INside of the ARTery

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58
Q

Ather/o

A

means fatty plaque

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59
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the artery due to fatty plaque

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60
Q

root for vein

A

vessel that takes blood back to the heart

  • phleb/o
  • ven/o
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61
Q

phlebotomy

A

incision into a vein

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62
Q

venospasm

A

constriction of a vein

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63
Q

Pectoralgia

A

chest pain-> the most common complaing

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64
Q

palpitation

A

jumping sensation

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65
Q

Arrhythmia

A

odd rhythm

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66
Q

Dysrhythmia

A

odd rhythm

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67
Q

Phlebalgia

A

pain in blood vessels most commonly associated with enlarged surface veins

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68
Q

4 Heart complaints?

A
  1. Angina Pectoris
  2. arrhythmia, dysrhythmia
  3. palpitation
  4. pectoralgia
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69
Q

Pectoralgia

A

pain in the chest (not necessarily due to the heart)

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70
Q

palpitation

A

rapid or irreular beating of the heart

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71
Q

arrhythmia, dysrhythmia

A

irregular heart beat

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72
Q

angina pectoris

A

cheset pain due to irregular flow to the heart

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73
Q

Conditions associated with circulation

A

aortalgia
diaphoresis
hemorrhage
phlebalgia

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74
Q

Aortalgia

A

pain in the aorta

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75
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse sweating

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76
Q

hemorrhage

A

loss of blood

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77
Q

phlebalgia

A

pain in a vein

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78
Q

Indicators of how well the heart is pumping or the vessels are circulating blood:

A

skin color
pulse
blood pressure

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79
Q

3 signs of heart function

A

heart sounds
electrocardiogram
echocardiogram

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80
Q

skin color

A

blue and pale=poor perfusion

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81
Q

pulse

A

felt in the arteries; used to measure heart rate; also felt for strength

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82
Q

blood pressure

A

felt in the arteries due to the contraction of the heart (systole) followeed by relaxation of the heart (diastole)

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83
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart

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84
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the heart

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85
Q
  1. Heart sounds:
  2. First sound (S1)
  3. Second Sound (S2)
A
  1. Heart sounds are the closing of heart valves
  2. 1st sound (S1) closing of atrioventricular valves
  3. S2 (sound 2) closing of aortic & pulmonary valves
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86
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

record of the electrical activity of the heart

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87
Q

echocardiogram

A

ultrasound of the heart; can be used to view the structures of the heart (valves ^ layers) as well as blood flow through the heart

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88
Q

What is used to visualize blood vessels?

A

Angiogram

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89
Q

Angiogram to see abnormalities such as

A

atherosclerosis
embolus
occlusion
ectasia

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90
Q

Words relating to heart structure:

A

Endocardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Pericardium

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91
Q

Endocardium

A

tissue lining INside of the heart

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92
Q

Epicardium

A

tissue lining OUTside of the heart

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93
Q

MYOcardium

A

middle layer of the heart, made of muscle

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94
Q

PERIcardium

A

tissue AROUND the heart

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95
Q

Condition of heart size

A

cardiomegaly

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96
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlarged heart

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97
Q

conditions of heart rate

A

bradycardia

tachycardia

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98
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heartbeat

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99
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heartbeat

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100
Q

cardiotoxic

A

poisonous to the heart

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101
Q

Cyanosis

A

condition of blue skin (due to imporper heart function)

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102
Q

murmur

A

abnormal heart sound due to blood flow

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103
Q

Vena cava does what

A

returns blood to the right atrium

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104
Q

Superior vena cava

A

collects blood from the head, nec, upper chest, and arms

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105
Q

Inferior Vena cava

A

collects blood from everywhere else

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106
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Development of blood vessels

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107
Q

angiopoiesis

A

formation of blood vessels

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108
Q

angiolith

A

stone forming in the wall of a vessel

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109
Q

angiosclerosis

A

hardening of a vessel

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110
Q

occlusion

A

closing or blockage of a passage

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111
Q

vasospasm

A

involuntary contaction of a blood vessel

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112
Q

Aortectasia

A

dilation of the aorta

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113
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of the aorta

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114
Q

aortolith

A

stone depositi in the wall of the aorta

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115
Q

arteriolith

A

stone deposit in the wall of an artery

116
Q

arteriorrhexis

A

rupture of an artery

117
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of an artery

118
Q

atherogenesis

A

formation of fatty plaque on the wall of an artery

119
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of an artery due to the build up of fatty plaque

120
Q

Embolus

A

mass of matter present int the blood

121
Q

embolism

A

blockage in a blood vessel caused by embolus

122
Q

ischemia

A

blockage of blood flow to an organ

123
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

124
Q

phlebosclerosis

A

hardening of a vein

125
Q

venosclerosis

A

hardening of a vein

126
Q

varicose veins

A

enlarged, dilated veins toerd the surface of the skin

127
Q

venospasm

A

involuntary conraction of a vein

128
Q

venostasis

A

trapping of blood in an extremity due to compression

129
Q

Angiogram

A

record of blood vessells

130
Q

aortogram

A

record of the aorta

131
Q

arteriogram

A

record of an artery

132
Q

venogram

A

record of a vein

133
Q

xray of types of vessels

A

angiogram
aortogram
arteriogram
venogram

134
Q

angiography

A

procedure to describe the blood vessels (process of taking an x-ray of vessels)

135
Q

Angioscope

A

device used to look inside a vessel

136
Q

vascular endoscopy

A

process of viewing the inside of a blood vessel

137
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

process of sticking a hollow tube (catheter) into the heart

138
Q

echocardiogram

A

image of the heart produced by ultrasound

139
Q

echocardiography

A

using ultrasound waves to produce an image of the ehart

140
Q

electrocardiogram

A

record of the electrical activity of the heart

141
Q

electrocardiography

A

process of recording the electrical acivity of the heart

142
Q

sonography

A

using ultrasound waves to view the heart

143
Q

sterss electrocardiogram

A

electrocardiogram is obtained while the patient is exercising

144
Q

transesophageal echocardiogram

A

sonograph is inserted into the esophagus; used to obtain a clearer image of the heart using ultrasound waves

145
Q

Blood pressure

A

force of blood pressing against vessel walls

146
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure on vessel walls while heart is RELAXING (in diastole)

147
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure on vessel walls when the heart is in systole (CONTRACTING)

148
Q

Cardiology

A

study of the heart

149
Q

cardiologist

A

specialist in the study of the heart

150
Q

phlebology

A

study of veins

151
Q

phlebologist

A

experts in the study of veins

152
Q

phlebotomy

A

incision into a vein

153
Q

phlebotomist

A

specialist in obtaining blood from veins

154
Q

3 types of circulation

A

coronary
pulmonary
systemic

155
Q

coronary circulation

A

circulation from heart to heart muscle

156
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circulation from the heart through pulmonary vessels to pick up oxygen and then back to the heart

157
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

from the heart to everywhere except the lungs and heart

158
Q

Abnormalities of the heart can be present at birth

A

structural defect

159
Q

Structural Defect

A

hole present through atrial or ventricular septal wall

160
Q

abnormalities of the heart

A

electrical defect

diseased heart muscle

161
Q

electrical defect

A

will cause arrhythmias (dysrhythmias is a synonym)

162
Q

diseased heart muscle

A

cardiomyopathy; can lead to cardiac insufficiency

163
Q

infections of the heart

A

different layers can be inflammed (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)

164
Q

Lack of blood supply to heart muscle

A

Ischemia

165
Q

Ischemia

A

Lack of blood flow to heart muscle. If blood flow is not restored, can have tissue death or myocardial infarction.

166
Q

Heart muscle failure

A

typically congestive heart failure. Causes back up of blood in the veins leading to tissue swelling

167
Q

Blockages

A

Deep vein thrombosis

168
Q

Aneurysm

A

weakened area that bulges

169
Q

Inflammation

A

phlebitis, vasculitis

170
Q

Carditis

A

inflammation of the heart

171
Q

angiocarditis

A

inflammation of the blood vessels of the heart

172
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of inner lining of heart

173
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart muscle

174
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of outer lining of the heart

175
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of valves of heart

176
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

conditions of the heart related to disease

177
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

stiffened heart muscle restrics filling therefore amount of blood heart pumps is reduced

178
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopahy

A

Enlarged heart muscle obstructs flow

179
Q

congestive cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy

A

heart cannot pump out all of the blood causing heart to become stretched and the pumping of blood to weaken/slow

180
Q

Congenital Heart Defects

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Ventricular Septarl Defect (VSD)

181
Q

Congenital Heart Defects

A

Flaw in the structure of the heart present

182
Q

Atrial sepal defect (ASD)

A

hole in the septum that separates the left & right atria

183
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A

hole in the septum that separates the left and right ventricles

184
Q

Abnormal Heart Conditions

A
  • Atrial Fibrillation
  • Cardiac Arrest
  • Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
  • Coronary Thrombosis
  • Myocardial Infarction (MI)
  • Myocardial Ischemia
185
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Quivering or spontaneous contraction of muscle fibers in the heart’s atrium

186
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Heart does not beat, resulting in a stoppage in blood circulation

187
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Heart failure characterized by the heart cavity being unable to pump all the blood out of itself

188
Q

Coronary Thrombosis

A

Clot in a coronary arery

189
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Death of heart tissue (usually due to a prolonged period of myocardial ischemia)

190
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

A

reduced blood flow to the heart tissue

191
Q

Coronary Thrombosis

A

clot in a coronary artery

192
Q

Cardiac Arrest

A

Heart does not beat, resulting in a stoppage in blood circulation

193
Q

Pericardial Effusion

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue that surrounds the heart

194
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the heart

195
Q

Aneurysm

A

Bulge in blood vessel (due to a weak area of the vessel wall)

196
Q

Angioedema

A

swelling of the blood vessels

197
Q

Angioma

A

tumor of blood vessels

198
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of blood vessels

199
Q

Aortic Aneurysm

A

Bulging/swelling of the aorta (due to a weak area of the aortic wall)

200
Q

Aortic regurgitation

A

backward flow of blood through aortic valve into left ventricle; caused by a weak valve

201
Q

Aortitis

A

inflammation of the aorta

202
Q

Arteriopathy

A

disease of the arteries

203
Q

Arteritis

A

inflammation of the arteries

204
Q

Deep Vein thrombosis

A

formation of clot in a deep vein; usually in the leg

205
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

206
Q

Phlebostenosis

A

narrowing of a vein

207
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein due to a clot

208
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

209
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

210
Q

normotension

A

normal blood pressure

211
Q

Antianginal Medications

A

Against angina (chest pain) pevents or relieves symptoms of angina pectoris

212
Q

Antiarrhythmics

A

medications against arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat pattern)

213
Q

Cardioversion

A

delivers a small timed shock to the heart to allow it to reset to a normal rhythm

214
Q

Hypertension medications

A

dilate blood vessels

215
Q

Hypotension medications

A

Constrict blood vessels

216
Q

Thrombolytics

A

breakds down clots

217
Q

anticoagulant

A

opposes coagulation of the blood

218
Q

antihypertensive

A

reduces high blood pressure

219
Q

vasodilator

A

relaxes or expands a blood vessel

220
Q

Drugs to treat high blood pressure

A

antihypertensive

vasodilator

221
Q

Drug to treat low blood pressure

A

vasopressor, vasoconstrictor

222
Q

vasopressor, vasoconstrictor

A

constricts or narrows the blood vessel

223
Q

cardiotonic

A

increases strength of heart contractions

224
Q

Coronary Atherosclerosis

A

causes a reduction in blood flow to the cardiac muscle

225
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft

A

blood vessel from another part of the body is used to make an alternate route for blood to get to the heart around an area of blockage

226
Q

coronary artery disease

A

can be corrected with percutaneous coronary intervention

227
Q

Balloon angioplasty

A

balloon inflated to cruh buildup in a coronary artery

228
Q

Atherectomy

A

build up dstroyed

229
Q

Stent

A

mesh tube inserted into artery

230
Q

Cardiothoracic surgery

A

requires cutting through the chest wall to get to the heart

231
Q

cardiopulmonary bypass

A

device that will act as the lungs (provides oxygen, removes carbon dioxide) and the heart (circulaes the blood) during surgery if the heart is purposely stopped

232
Q

Coronary arterectomy

A

surgical removal of a coronary artery

233
Q

Coronary Artery Bypas Graft (CABG)

A

using a borrowed vessel to go around a blocked coronary artery

234
Q

coronary artery bypass surgery

A

going around a blocked coronary artery

235
Q

percuaneous coronary intervention

A

does not require cardiothoracic surgery

tools are passed through a blood vessel and the coronary arteries for treatment

Percutaneous means across the skin which is the puncture of the skin to the blood vessel (usually in the groin)

236
Q

Valvectomy

A

removal of a valve (it will be replaced)

237
Q

valvotomy

A

incision into a valve

238
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a valve

239
Q

Cardiomyotomy

A

incision into the heart muscle

240
Q

ventriculotomy

A

incision into a ventricle

241
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

242
Q

What is CPR used for?

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is used to mimic the heart and lung function. The cardiac function (circulate blood) is accomplished by heart compressions.
The pulmonary function (get oxygen into the body, get carbon dioxide out of the body) is accomplished when breathing into the patient.

243
Q

cardioversion

A

returning heart to normal rhythm

244
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A

puncture into the pericardium (usually to remove excess fluid)

245
Q

pericardiotomy

A

incision into the pericardium

246
Q

cardiothoracic surgery

A

cutting through patient’s chest to get to the heart

247
Q

Aneurysmectomy

A

removal of aneurysm

248
Q

arteriectomy

A

removal of artery

249
Q

atherectomy

A

removal of fatty plaque within an artery

250
Q

embolectomy

A

removal of embolus

251
Q

endarterectomy

A

removal of the inside of an artery

252
Q

phlebectomy

A

removal of a vein

253
Q

venectomy

A

removal of a vein

254
Q

Angiorrhaphy

A

suturing of a vessel

255
Q

aortorrhaphy

A

suturing of the aorta

256
Q

arteriorrhaphy

A

suturing of an artery

257
Q

Angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a vessel

258
Q

Arterioplasty

A

surgical repair of an artery

259
Q

Aortotomy

A

incision into the aorta

260
Q

varicotomy

A

incision into a varicose vein

261
Q

anastomosis

A

creation of an opening between two normally separate structures

262
Q

phlebophlebostomy

A

procedure to create an oepning between 2 veins

263
Q

A-fib

A

Atrial Fibrilation (atrial not contracting; muscle is quivering)

264
Q

NSR

A

Normal sinus rhythm

265
Q

SCA

A

sudden cardiac arrest (heart not beating)

266
Q

ASD

A

atrial septal defect

267
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse (valve does not close properly, allowing blood to back flow into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts

268
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

269
Q

CO

A

cardiac output (amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute, measured in liters)

270
Q

SV

A

stroke volume (amount of blood ejected by the ventricle in one contraction, measured in milliliters)

271
Q

CTA

A

computed tomographic angiography

272
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiogram

273
Q

EKG

A

electrocardiogram (K=kario which is german)

274
Q

MRA

A

Magnetic resonance angiography

275
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiogram

276
Q

CHF

A

Congestive Heart Failure

heart is weak and cannot pump effectively, causing blood to back up and cause congestion in veins

277
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction (heart muscle death, usually due to prolonged myocardia ischemia, which is usually due to CAD)

278
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease (presence of plaque in coronary artery that reduces blood flow to the heart muscle)

279
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

280
Q

BP

A

blood pressure (used to determine normotension, hypertension, and hypotension)

281
Q

CTA

A

computed tomographic angiography (use CT scan to obtain an x-ray of the coronary arteries)

282
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography (use MRI to obtain image of coronary arteries)

283
Q

PCI

A

percutaneous coronary intervention (procedures that are completed by threading tools into vessels and into the heart)

284
Q

AA

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm

285
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

286
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

Medical Terminology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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