LQ 2: Enlightenment - Con. Of 1791 Flashcards

0
Q

What were tenets of the Enlightenment?

A
  1. It was an optimistic age.
  2. The leaders of the Enlightenment looked forward to the discovery if all the natural laws of the universe.
  3. They believed in reason and education.
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1
Q

What was the Enlightenment?

A

It was “the age of human reasoning.” It represented a shift from tradition and faith to evidence and reason.

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2
Q

What were leaders of the Enlightenment called?

A

Philosophes. The founding fathers were among them.

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3
Q

What is deism?

A

It is the belief in god, but not religion. Deists saw god as a clockmaker - he made the universe, set it in motion, and let it move on its own from there.

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4
Q

Who were physiocrats?

A

They were people trying to uncover the natural laws of economics.

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5
Q

What does “Laissez-faire” refer to?

A

If refers to a free market economic policy. It essentially means a hands off approach for the government

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6
Q

Who was Adam Smith and what is he famous for?

A

He was famous for writing “The Wealth of Nations” which talked about the ‘invisible hand’ of the free market. He argued that people should pursue their self-interests when it comes to economics and that an economy works best when people do just that.

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7
Q

Who, and in what writing, implicitly described a social contract?

A

Thomas Hobbes in his book “Leviathan.”

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8
Q

Who explicitly describes a social contract, and what is it?

A

John Locke. Individuals in an ordered society must give up some freedom to a government and in return, the government will keep them safe.

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9
Q

What “self-evident truths” does the constitution refer to?

A

Unalienable rights.

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10
Q

John Locke argued people have the right to do what?

A

He argued that people have the right to rebel when a government oversteps its bounds.

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11
Q

What is the natural tendency for governments, speaking of power?

A

Governments tend to grow larger and more powerful with time, slowly taking away the rights of its citizens.

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12
Q

What is “Spirit of Laws” about and by whom was it written?

A

It was written by Montesquieu and it argued that the only way to protect liberty is via checks and balances in government.

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13
Q

What is enlightened despotism?

A

It is a form of government in which monarchs pursue reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

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14
Q

How did things look in France in the summer of 1789? Why did it look that way? (3 reasons)

A

Things looked bad and hopeless.

  1. There was a famine in France due to poor harvests.
  2. The leaders of France were bad and people had little confidence in them.
  3. France was bankrupt from several costly wars.
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15
Q

What were the 3 estates in France?

A

Clergy, nobility, and commoners.

16
Q

In what way did King Louis XVI ask the nobility for help? How did the nobility respond?

A

He asked them to pay taxes (which they previously hadn’t done) due to France’s dire financial situation. They agreed to pay taxes, but only if the King would call an Estates General.

17
Q

What is an Estates General?

A

It was an advisory board to the King, with all estates represented.

18
Q

Why did the nobility call for an estates general? What was different about this one than those in the past?

A

They wanted to control the king. The difference was that the commoners were represented by well-off, educated men and could greatly influence the Estates General this time around (having been through the Enlightenment).

19
Q

What was the National Assembly and why was it formed?

A

The representatives of the commoners were not treated well in the Estates General so they made their own organization. The King refused to do voting by head count (which they would’ve won easily) and instead wanted the old system of voting by chamber.

20
Q

What is the Tennis Court Oath?

A

The National Assembly first met in a tennis court and made the following oath: “We will not disband until a Constitution has been made for France.”

21
Q

What was Bastille famous for?

A

On July 14, 1789, commoners destroyed many things that represented the power of the King. Mobs destroyed a prison which held political prisoners of the King.

22
Q

Why did mobs form at Bastille?

A

As a result of the King calling in troops while the National Assembly met.

23
Q

What was the March of the Fishwives?

A

It was a march on the palace of Versailles by women demanding bread (and food in general) from the King. They felt he should come back to Paris with the commoners.

24
Q

What are the 4 main tenets of “Declaration of the Rights of Man AND the Citizen?”

A
  1. A person’s political liberty ends where another’s begins.
  2. Laws should only prohibit actions harmful to society.
  3. Laws should be the same for everyone whether they protect or prohibit.
  4. Presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
25
Q

What kind of government resulted from the Constitution of 1791?

A

A constitutional monarchy, not a French Republic.

26
Q

What are the contents (3) of the Constitution of 1791?

A
  1. Declaration of the rights of man and the citizen.
  2. Constitutional Monarchy
  3. Legislative Assembly
27
Q

What are the differences between active and passive citizens and what determined the status of citizens?

A

Active citizens could vote and hold political office, whereas passive citizens could not. Wealth determined whether you were active or passive.