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Lowri revision questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of glucose?

A

C6H1206

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2
Q

What are the three main sources of glucose?

A

Diet, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

Glycogenolysis is:

A

The biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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4
Q

The process of converting Glucose to Glycogen is known as

A

Glycogenesis

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5
Q

The net effect of gluconeogenesis is to:

A

Increase extracellular glucose concentration

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6
Q

The renal threshold for glucose is….

A

11.1mmol/l

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7
Q

Which of these statements is incorrect?
a) The brain can not store glucose
b) The brain can not synthesise glucose
c) The brain can not metabolise ketones d) The brain can not extract glucose at low
concentrations

A

c) The brain can not metabolise ketones

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8
Q

The synthesis of insulin yields two products. They are:

A

Insulin and C-peptide

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9
Q

Glucagon is produced in which cells?

A

Alpha cells

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10
Q

In the adipocyte, Insulin promotes the following:

A

Increase glucose uptake and decreased lipolysis

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11
Q

As well as glucagon, which of these is also known as a counter-regulatory hormone?

A

Cortisol

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12
Q

Projections indicate that by 2025 the following number of people will be diagnosed with DM (UK)

A

> 5 million

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13
Q

In the UK, the % distribution of Type 1 DM compared to Type 2 DM is

A

10%:90%

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14
Q

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of Type 1 DM?

A

Acute onset

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15
Q

Which of these is a typical characteristic of Type 2 DM?

A

Family history

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16
Q

Polydipsia is an acute onset symptom usually caused by….

A

Hyperglycaemia

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17
Q

In the context of DM, DKA stands for:

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

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18
Q

What is the primary root cause of DKA?

A

Lack of insulin

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19
Q

Can type 2 DM patients develop acute symptoms?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is the severe acute Type 2 condition called

A

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemia Syndrome
(HHS)

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21
Q

What do we use fluoride oxalate collection tubes for ?

A

Measurement of glucose

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22
Q

What measurement would we use the Ethylenediaminetatraacetic acid (EDTA) collection tubes for?

A

HbA1c

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23
Q

What is HbA1c measurement used for?

A

Diagnosis of DM
Monitoring of DM

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24
Q

A screening test used for early detection of nephropathy is called….

A

Microalbuminuria

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25
OGTT stands for...
Oral glucose tolerance test
26
During the oral glucose tolerance test, how much glucose must be consumed?
75g
27
At which time points would glucose be measured during the OGTT?
0hrs and 2hrs
28
What is Macrovascular disease?
Vascular disease of the larger blood vessels
29
What is the name of the receptor that AGE's bind to?
Receptor for Advanced Glycosylated end- products (RAGE)
30
How much (on average) does an adult liver weigh?
1-1.5kg
31
The most predominant liver cell is....
Hepatocyte's
32
What are the main functions of the liver?
Metabolic, synthetic, conjugation and detoxification
33
One of the key roles of the liver is to produce bilirubin? True or false?
False
34
Where are erythrocytes predominantly destroyed?
Spleen
35
What is unconjugated bilirubin bound to in the plasma?
Albumin
36
In the liver, bilirubin is bound to a carrier protein called
Ligandin
37
Bilirubin in conjugated with....
Glucuronic acid in the presence of UDGT
38
Bilirubin is normally excreted from the liver in....
Bile
39
What is conjugated bilirubin converted to before being excreted from the body?
Urobilinogen
40
The group of tests used to evaluate the liver are known collectively as:
Liver function tests
41
Which of these is a sensitive test that indicates hepatic cell damage?
AST
42
The reference range for both AST and ALT is approximately....
5-45IU/l
43
A test that reflects the synthetic function of the liver is....
Albumin
44
Is albumin a sensitive indicator of liver function?
No
45
The reduction or blockage of bile flow is known as....
Cholestasis
46
As well as the liver, where else can Alkaline Phosphatase be found?
Bone, placenta and intestine
47
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is commonly raised in the following
Increased alcohol intake
48
Conjugated bilirubin is elevated during which of the following?
Post-hepatic disease
49
Kernicterus is a complication of....
unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
50
Name a food that can impact on the colour of urine
Beetroot
51
An estimation of the efficiency with which substances are cleared from the blood by the kidneys is known as?
Glomerular filtration rate
52
Normal glomerular filtration rate is around....
120 -150ml/min
53
AKI is an abbreviation for
Acute kidney injury
54
Which of these is a cause of pre-renal AKI?
Severe dehydration
55
Which of these is a cause of intra-renal AKI?
Nephrotoxin's
56
Which of these is a cause of post-renal AKI?
Renal calculi
57
CKD is defined as a GFR of less than 60ml/min. For at least how long?
3 months
57
CKD is defined as a GFR of less than what?
60ml/min
58
The stages of CKD are based on the length of time GFR has been decreased
False
59
What's one of the main limitations of using a dipstick to test urine samples?
The results can be open to interpretation
60
What protein is the smallest of the large proteins usually held back by the glomerular membrane?
Albumin
61
What is clearance a measurement of?
GFR
62
The most widely used clearance test is
Creatinine
63
In a creatinine clearance test, urine and plasma creatinine are measured in what unit?
umol/l
64
Time of collection for creatinine clearance is 24hrs but it is inputted into the equation in minutes - how many minutes?
1440 mins
65
What is the most accurate measurement to use via clearance with regards GFR?
Inulin
66
A rise in plasma creatinine reflects a fall in GFR, true or false?
True
67
The adult reference range for plasma urea is
3.3-6.7mmol/l
68
Why is cystatin c not used routinely in clinical practice to estimate GFR?
It is too costly
69
What does the term Gluconeogenesis mean?
Synthesis of 'new' glucose
70
The process of converting Glucose to Glycogen is known as...
Glycogenolysis
71
The role of insulin is to...
a) Decrease blood glucose concentration
72
What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of the β cells
73
Which of these is not a feature of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Weight loss
74
Hepatocytes are the major cell type in the liver, making up how much in %?
80%
75
Bilirubin is normally excreted from the liver in......
Bile then faeces
76
A test that indicates hepatocyte damage is....
Aspartate Transaminase
77
Which of the following would be raised in a patient with cholestasis?
Alkaline phosphatase
78
In which of these conditions would Albumin and Total Protein be decreased?
Chronic hepatitis
79
Name three things that can be detected by a dipstick test
Ph, glucose and albumin
80
What is clearance a measurement of?
Glomerular filtration rate.
81
In a Creatinine Clearance test, urine and plasma creatinine are measure in what unit?
umol/l
82
In Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), severe dehydration and sepsis are considered examples of.....
Pre-renal factors
83
The stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), are determined by which of the following categories:
G1-G5

blood and cellular sciences (15 decks)

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