Lowri revision questions Flashcards
What is the structure of glucose?
C6H1206
What are the three main sources of glucose?
Diet, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis is:
The biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose
The process of converting Glucose to Glycogen is known as
Glycogenesis
The net effect of gluconeogenesis is to:
Increase extracellular glucose concentration
The renal threshold for glucose is….
11.1mmol/l
Which of these statements is incorrect?
a) The brain can not store glucose
b) The brain can not synthesise glucose
c) The brain can not metabolise ketones d) The brain can not extract glucose at low
concentrations
c) The brain can not metabolise ketones
The synthesis of insulin yields two products. They are:
Insulin and C-peptide
Glucagon is produced in which cells?
Alpha cells
In the adipocyte, Insulin promotes the following:
Increase glucose uptake and decreased lipolysis
As well as glucagon, which of these is also known as a counter-regulatory hormone?
Cortisol
Projections indicate that by 2025 the following number of people will be diagnosed with DM (UK)
> 5 million
In the UK, the % distribution of Type 1 DM compared to Type 2 DM is
10%:90%
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of Type 1 DM?
Acute onset
Which of these is a typical characteristic of Type 2 DM?
Family history
Polydipsia is an acute onset symptom usually caused by….
Hyperglycaemia
In the context of DM, DKA stands for:
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
What is the primary root cause of DKA?
Lack of insulin
Can type 2 DM patients develop acute symptoms?
Yes
What is the severe acute Type 2 condition called
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemia Syndrome
(HHS)
What do we use fluoride oxalate collection tubes for ?
Measurement of glucose
What measurement would we use the Ethylenediaminetatraacetic acid (EDTA) collection tubes for?
HbA1c
What is HbA1c measurement used for?
Diagnosis of DM
Monitoring of DM
A screening test used for early detection of nephropathy is called….
Microalbuminuria
OGTT stands for…
Oral glucose tolerance test
During the oral glucose tolerance test, how much glucose must be consumed?
75g
At which time points would glucose be measured during the OGTT?
0hrs and 2hrs
What is Macrovascular disease?
Vascular disease of the larger blood vessels
What is the name of the receptor that AGE’s bind to?
Receptor for Advanced Glycosylated end- products (RAGE)
How much (on average) does an adult liver weigh?
1-1.5kg
The most predominant liver cell is….
Hepatocyte’s
What are the main functions of the liver?
Metabolic, synthetic, conjugation and
detoxification
One of the key roles of the liver is to produce bilirubin? True or false?
False
Where are erythrocytes predominantly destroyed?
Spleen
What is unconjugated bilirubin bound to in the plasma?
Albumin
In the liver, bilirubin is bound to a carrier protein called
Ligandin
Bilirubin in conjugated with….
Glucuronic acid in the presence of UDGT
Bilirubin is normally excreted from the liver in….
Bile
What is conjugated bilirubin converted to before being excreted from the body?
Urobilinogen
The group of tests used to evaluate the liver are known collectively as:
Liver function tests
Which of these is a sensitive test that indicates hepatic cell damage?
AST
The reference range for both AST and ALT is approximately….
5-45IU/l
A test that reflects the synthetic function of the liver is….
Albumin
Is albumin a sensitive indicator of liver function?
No
The reduction or blockage of bile flow is known as….
Cholestasis
As well as the liver, where else can Alkaline Phosphatase be found?
Bone, placenta and intestine
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) is commonly raised in the following
Increased alcohol intake
Conjugated bilirubin is elevated during which of the following?
Post-hepatic disease
Kernicterus is a complication of….
unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia
Name a food that can impact on the colour of urine
Beetroot
An estimation of the efficiency with which substances are cleared from the blood by the kidneys is known as?
Glomerular filtration rate
Normal glomerular filtration rate is around….
120 -150ml/min
AKI is an abbreviation for
Acute kidney injury
Which of these is a cause of pre-renal AKI?
Severe dehydration
Which of these is a cause of intra-renal AKI?
Nephrotoxin’s
Which of these is a cause of post-renal AKI?
Renal calculi
CKD is defined as a GFR of less than 60ml/min. For at least how long?
3 months
CKD is defined as a GFR of less than what?
60ml/min
The stages of CKD are based on the length of time GFR has been decreased
False
What’s one of the main limitations of using a dipstick to test urine samples?
The results can be open to interpretation
What protein is the smallest of the large proteins usually held back by the glomerular membrane?
Albumin
What is clearance a measurement of?
GFR
The most widely used clearance test is
Creatinine
In a creatinine clearance test, urine and plasma creatinine are measured in what unit?
umol/l
Time of collection for creatinine clearance is 24hrs but it is inputted into the equation in minutes - how many minutes?
1440 mins
What is the most accurate measurement to use via clearance with regards GFR?
Inulin
A rise in plasma creatinine reflects a fall in GFR, true or false?
True
The adult reference range for plasma urea is
3.3-6.7mmol/l
Why is cystatin c not used routinely in clinical practice to estimate GFR?
It is too costly
What does the term Gluconeogenesis mean?
Synthesis of ‘new’ glucose
The process of converting Glucose to Glycogen is known as…
Glycogenolysis
The role of insulin is to…
a) Decrease blood glucose concentration
What causes Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of the β cells
Which of these is not a feature of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Weight loss
Hepatocytes are the major cell type in the liver, making up how much in %?
80%
Bilirubin is normally excreted from the liver in……
Bile then faeces
A test that indicates hepatocyte damage is….
Aspartate Transaminase
Which of the following would be raised in a patient with cholestasis?
Alkaline phosphatase
In which of these conditions would Albumin and Total Protein be decreased?
Chronic hepatitis
Name three things that can be detected by a dipstick test
Ph, glucose and albumin
What is clearance a measurement of?
Glomerular filtration rate.
In a Creatinine Clearance test, urine and plasma creatinine are measure in what unit?
umol/l
In Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), severe dehydration and sepsis are considered examples of…..
Pre-renal factors
The stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), are determined by which of the following categories:
G1-G5
