Lowers (Foot, Ankle, Tib/Fib, Knee, Femur) Flashcards
AP Foot Criteria
- is there a real lead marker not in the anatomy of interest?
- Anatomy from toes to tarsals may include portions of the talus and calcaneus
- No rotation of foot; equal amount of space between the second through 4th metatarsals
- Overlap of the second through fifth metatarsal bases
Lateral Foot
AP Ankle Criteria
- Ankle joint center to exposure area
- Medial and lateral malleoli
- talus
- no rotation of ankle
- Normal overlapping of the tibiofibular articulation with the anterior tubercle slightly superimposed over the fibula
- Talus slightly overlapping the distal fibula
- Tibiotalar Joint space open (ankle joint?)
What projection of the foot shows the cuboid in profile? What else is well shown?
Medial Oblique Foot, Sinus Tarsi
What joint space(s) are shown on a AP axial-foot?
Open joint space between medial and intermediate cuneiforms
What projection of the foot shows the navicular, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid with less superimposition than in the AP projection?
Medial projection
What projection of the foot shows the lateral tarsometatarsal and intertarsal joints?
AP medial oblique
What projection shows the medial and lateral malleoli?
AP Ankle
What projection shows an open Tibiofibular joint space?
AP Ankle
What joint is well visualized on a lateral ankle?
Tibiotalar joint, with medial and lateral talar domes superimposed
The axial foot projection demonstrates improved visibility of what anatomical structures?
Improve visibility of the interphalangeal, metatarsal phalangeal, and tarsometatarsal joint spaces
What should be visualized on a PA chest?
apices to costophrenic ranges, sternal ends should be equidistant
What should be visualized on a KUB?
The area from pubic symphysis to kidneys
What is the centering point for a PA hand?
Perpendicular to 3rd MTP joint
What should be visualized on a PA hand?
Open MCP and IP joints, indicating that the hand is placed flat on the IR
The lateral wrist should have superimposed what?
Radius and ulna
What should be open on an AP forearm?
Radioulnar space
A properly positioned lateral foot will show what?
An open sinus tarsi and talar dome, fibula over posterior half of tibia
The AP leg should show what joints?
Knee and ankle joint
A lateral oblique does what to the Tib/Fib?
Superimposes it
On a lateral knee, the femoral condyles should be superimposed.
If they aren’t, then what caused that?
A 5-7 degree cephalad tit wasn’t put on
A medial oblique does what to the knee?
Clears the tib/fib of superimposition
What does a lateral oblique of the knee do?
Superimposes the Tib/Fib
AP Femur
What is the central ray for an AP Knee Projection?
- 1/2 inch inferior to the patellar apex
- Variable, depending on the measurement between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the tabletop:
<19 cm 3-5 degree caudad (thin pelvis)
19-24 cm 0 degrees
>24 3-5 degree cephalad (large pelvis)
For an AP Knee, adjust the patients leg by placing the _____ parallel with the IR for a true AP projection.
femoral epicondyles
Evaluation Criteria for AP Knee Projection:
(Pg. 347)
- Knee fully extended if patient is able to
Entire knee without rotation:
- slight superimposition of the fibular head if the tibia is normal
- Patel completely superimposed on the femur
- Open femorotibial joint space, with interspaces of equal width on both sides of the knee is normal
Central Ray for Lateral Knee Projection:
- Directed to the knee joint 1 inch distal to the medial epicondyle at an angle of 5 to 7 degrees cephalad.
Lateral Knee Projection;
Flexion of the knee ____ is usually preferred.
Grasp the epicondyles and adjust them so that they are ____ to the IR (condyles superimposed).
The patella is ___ to the plane of the IR
-20-30 degrees
-perpendicular
-perpendicular
If condyles are NOT superimposed on a lateral knee projection, why might this be?
- if condyles are not superimposed Side to Side it’s a rotation error
- if condyles are not superimposed Up and Down it’s a tube angle error
(have to have a 5-7 degree cephalad angle for a lateral knee!!!!)
Structures Shown on an Lateral Knee:
A lateral image of the distal end of the femur, patella, knee joint, proximal ends of the tibia and fibula, and adjacent soft tissue
(pg.351)
Evaluation Criteria for a Lateral Knee:
Pg. 350
- ## knee flexed 20 to 30 degrees in true lateral position as demonstrated by femoral condyles superimposed
How do you tell if a Scap-Y is over or under rotated?
If you see the “cup” of the scapula it is under rotated
If the scapula is going into the ribs, it is over rotated
