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clinical pathology II > lower urinary tract > Flashcards

lower urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

disorders of lut

A

uti
obstructive disorders
congenital abnormalities
rupture of urinary tract

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2
Q

obstructive disorders of lut

A

urolithiasis

neoplasia

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3
Q

flutd

A

feline lower urinary tract disease

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4
Q

flutd etiology

A

urinary infections
urolithiasis and urethral plugs
interstitial idiopathic cystitis
others: tumours, anatomical malformations

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5
Q

FIC

A

feline idiopathic cystitis

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6
Q

FIC etiology

A 
indoor cat
more than 1 cat
overweight
environment changes
dry food
neutered male
inappropriate litter
insufficient water
insufficient playtime
insufficient separation between food/play/toilet areas
STRESS
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7
Q

how stress causes FIC

A

stress:

  • activates sns and cathecholamine and adrenaline levels rise
  • permeability of the urothelium changes
  • activates inflammatory mechanisms
  • substances of urine pass to activate nerve fibers C
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8
Q

what happens when sensitive nerves fibres are activated during stress by substances passing from urine?

A

pain signal to brain
release of “substance P” neurotransmitter
contraction of bladder and urethra wall
-> secondary edema and increased vascular permeability
mast cell activation-> histamine-> inflammation and edema

=> more nerve fibres C are activated

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9
Q

End result of FIC

A

Inflammation of the vesical and urethral walls
hematomas in bladder lumen (glomerulations)
pain

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10
Q

polyuria types

A

osmotical diuresis or water diuresis

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11
Q

oliguria etiologies

A 
water deprivation
low GFR:
-glomerular disease
-heart failure, shock, hypotension
partial obstruction
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12
Q

anuria types

A

pre-renal
renal
post-renal

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13
Q

pre-renal anuria

A

DH

intense hemorrage

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14
Q

Renal anuria

A

acute tubular necrosis

acute renal failure

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15
Q

Post-renal anuria

A

calculi

tumours

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16
Q

causes of urinary incontinence

A

hormonal
mechanical
neurological

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17
Q

hormonal causes of urinary incontinence

A

castration (low estro and testo)

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18
Q

mechanical causes of urinary incontinence

A

bladder tumours or calculi

prostatic hypertrophy

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19
Q

neurological causes of urinary incontinence

A

CNS lesions

peripheral lesions

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20
Q

tests for glomerular filtration rate

A

BIOCHEMISTRY:

  • BUN
  • serum creatinine
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21
Q

tests for kidney tubular function

A 
casts in urine sediment
glucose
protein
electrolytes
concentration of the urine
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22
Q

tests for glomerular function

A

urine protein (microalbuminuria)
urine protein:creatinine ratio
rbc in urine sediment

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23
Q

what GFR tells

A

is the nr of functional nephrons adequate

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24
Q

what is an indication of inadequate glomerular filtration?

A

increased concentration of substances usually eliminated by urine, in blood

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25
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen= urea

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26
Q

BUN in blood increases when

A

urinary system disorder
high protein diet
GIT hemorrage

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27
Q

serum creatinine comes from

A

muscle metabolism

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28
Q

serum creatinine is proportional to

A

muscle mass

more muscular the animal, higher the creatinine

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29
Q

reliable parametre for GFR

A

serum creatinine

30
Q

which test is specific for kidney damage

A

serum creatinine

31
Q

azotemia

A

increase in serum creatinine and BUN

32
Q

azotemia types

A

pre-renal
renal
post-renal

33
Q

prerenal azotemia causes

A

dehydration and hypovolemia because it is hemodynamic

34
Q

prerenal azotemia prognosis

A

usually reversible, can lead to ARF

35
Q

features of prerenal azotemia

A

mild azotemia
increased USG
decreased urine sodium excretion

36
Q

Renal azotemia causes

A

arf

37
Q

renal azotemia prognosis

A

irreversible renal damage

38
Q

renal azotemia causes

A

ischemic, toxic, inflammatory

39
Q

post-renal azotemia causespost

A

any obstructions of lut

40
Q

arf happens

A

suddenly fast

41
Q

crf happens

A

over time

42
Q

arf prognosis

A

can be reversible

43
Q

crf prognosis

A

irreversible

44
Q

arf and crf stages

A

arf: 3
crf: 4

45
Q

severity of arf and crf

A

arf more severe than crf

crf possibly compensatable

46
Q

arf type prevalence

A

pre-renal 60-70%
renal 25%
post renal 5%

47
Q

pre-renal arf

A

decreased renal perfusion without associated cell injury

48
Q

pre-renal arf causes

A

anything that leads to less blood coming to glomeruli

49
Q

renal arf

A

intrinsic renal failure

50
Q

renal arf sub types

A

tubule arf
interstitium arf
glomerular arf

51
Q

tubule arf

A

acute glomerular necrosis

52
Q

causes of tubular arf

A

hypoperfusion
infection
nephrotoxins

53
Q

interstitium arf

A

acute renal nephrosis

54
Q

interstitium arf causes

A

allergy
autoimmune
embolic
pyelonephrosis (ascending infection)

55
Q

glomelural arf

A

either glomerulonephritis or amyloidosis

56
Q

glomerulonephritis causes

A

infection
immune-mediated
neoplasia
diabetes

57
Q

amyloidosis

A

fibrillary protein deposit

progressive and irreversible

58
Q

post-renal arf

A

obstructive
-intraluminal
-tumour
trauma

59
Q

stages of arf

A

induction
maintenance
recovery(or -> crf)

60
Q

clinical signs of arf

A

systemic: uremic syndrome
urinary: olyguric phase and polyuric phase

61
Q

lab findings of arf

A

azotemia

electrolytes up

62
Q

uremic syndrome signs

A 
vomit
diarrhea
anorexy/lethargy/depression
coma 
oral cavity ulceration 
halitosis
63
Q

examples of arf

A 
nephrotic syndrome (protein loss)
fanconi syndrome
64
Q

crf

A

generalised, progressive and irreversible

65
Q

etiology of crf

A

congenital or aquired

66
Q

congenital crf

A

amyloidosis
polycystic disease
renal dysplasia
fanconi syndrome

67
Q

acquired crf

A

amyloidosis
neoplasia
sequelae of arf

68
Q

stages of crf

A

compensatory 50%
compensatory retention 50-75%
decompensation 75-90%
uremic syndrome >90%

69
Q

development of crf

A

oliguria, anuria, death

70
Q

why crf causes anemia

A

decreased epo

git ulcerations due to uremic syndrome

71
Q

lab findings of crf

A 
azotemia
anemia
isosthenuria/hyposthenuria
polyuria
proteinuria/hypoproteinemia
na and p up
k and ca down
72
Q

rf in imagining

A

crf small kidneys

arf normal to large kidneys

clinical pathology II (1 decks)

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