Lower urinary tract

Question 1

most common cause of hydronephrosis in children

Answer 1

ureteropelvic obstruction

Question 2

vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 2

reflux occurs in early childhood. Short intramural urethra > poor flap-valve function Most common cause of pyelonephritic scarring. Multiple UTIs and chronic renal infection. Unilateral or b/l. Can case chronic renal failure

Question 3

patent urachus

Answer 3

failure of urachus to obliterate > vesico-umbilical fistula or urachal cyst

Question 4

extrophy of bladder

Answer 4

failure of cloacal membrane development, bladder connects to surface. Associated with epispadias.

Question 5

cystitis presentation

Answer 5

frequency, dysuria, lower abdominal pain

Question 6

interstitial cystitis

Answer 6

no bacteria. Persistent, painful, chronic, women. Severe suprapubic pain, frequency, urgency, hematuria, dysuria

Question 7

bladder cancer risk factors

Answer 7

1. smoking
2. exposure to azo dyes (aryl amines, MC naphthylamine)
3. S. hematobium (Nile River)
4. Drugs (cyclophosphamide, analgesics)
5. radiation

Question 8

bladder cancer presentation

Answer 8

painless hematuria

Question 9

Schistosoma hematobium

Answer 9

egg with terminal spine