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Respiratory Physiology > Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name the organs/components of the lower respiratory tract.

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
Lungs

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2
Q

Where does the trachea extend to and from?

A

C6 - T5

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3
Q

Which structure provides support and flexibility to the trachea?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate into the right and left bronchi?

A

T4/5 (carina)

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5
Q

Which bronchus has a higher choking risk (from particulates being trapped)?

A

Right bronchus as it is shorter and less angled.

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6
Q

Describe the divisions of the right bronchus.

A

Right bronchus divides into:
upper lobe
middle lobe
lower lobe

10 segmental branches

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7
Q

Describe the divisions of the left bronchus.

A

Left bronchus divides into:
upper lobe
lower lobe

8 segmental branches

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8
Q

Describe the divisions after the segmental branches.

A

Segmental branches > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli

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9
Q

Name the two types of alveolar cell and state which one secretes surfactant.

A

Type I pneumocytes

Type II pneumocytes - these secrete surfactant

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10
Q

Which structure interconnects alveoli?

A

pores of Kohn

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11
Q

Describe the structure of an alveolar cell.

A

Basement membrane
Columnar ciliated epithelium
Contains alveolar macrophages

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12
Q

State the lobes of the right and left lung.

A

Right lung: superior, middle, inferior

Left lung: superior, inferior

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13
Q

Where does the pulmonary plexus lie?

A

Behind each hilum

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14
Q

Where does the pulmonary plexus receive innervation from?

A

Vagus (CN X)

T2-T4 ganglia of sympathetic trunk

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15
Q

What effect does sympathetic innervation have on the lungs?

A

Bronchodilation

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16
Q

What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on the lungs?

A

Bronchoconstriction

17
Q

Describe the two layers of lung pleura.

A
  1. VISCERAL: applied to lung surface
    - Only autonomic innervation, no pain sensation
  2. PARIETAL: applied to internal chest
    - Pain sensation via phrenic nerve

Fluid lies between the two layers.

18
Q

Name the 2 types of circulation within lungs.

A

Bronchial and pulmonary (main circulation of lung)

19
Q

How many branches are there of the left and right pulmonary arteries?

A

17

20
Q

Compare the differences between pulmonary and systemic circulation.

A

PULMONARY:

  • vessel walls are thin
  • minor muscularisation
  • no need for redistribution
  • lower pressure

SYSTEMIC:

  • vessel walls are thick
  • significant muscularisation
  • redistribution required
  • higher pressure
21
Q

Name the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest & digest
Enteric: GI tract

22
Q

Describe parasympathetic innervation of the lower respiratory tract.

A

Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
Receptors: Muscarinic cholinergic (M3)

  • Innervates lungs via vagus nerve
  • Innervates vasculature, glands & airways in lungs
  • Top much parasympathetic activation leads to bronchoconstriction
23
Q

Describe sympathetic innervation of the lower respiratory tract, including how it causes adrenaline release.

A

Neurotransmitter: noradrenaline
Receptors: adrenergic

  • innervates lung via sympathetic trunk
  • innervates vasculature and glands but not airways of lungs
  • causes release of adrenaline from adrenal glands. adrenaline binds to beta-2-adrenoreceptors to cause bronchodilation
24
Q

Name the two types of alpha-adrenergic receptor.

A

Alpha-1: Acts postsynaptically to either stimulate/inhibit the activity of K+ channels
Alpha-2: Acts presynaptically to inhibit noradrenaline release

25
Q

Which type of beta-adrenergic receptor is found in the lungs?

A

Beta-2

26
Q

Describe how adrenaline causes bronchodilation.

A
  1. Adrenaline binds to a beta-2 receptor
  2. Receptor couples with G protein
  3. G protein activates adenyl cyclase
  4. Adenyl cyclase catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  5. cAMP acts as a second messenger in the lungs. It causes a decreases in Ca2+ as well as activating protein kinase A.
  6. These effects result in bronchodilation
27
Q

Describe how acetylcholine stimulates bronchoconstriction.

A
  1. Acetylcholine binds to M3 receptor
  2. Receptor couples with Gq protein
  3. Gq protein activates phospholipase C
  4. Phospholipase C catalyses the breakdown of a plasma membrane phospholipid to diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3)
  5. DAG acts as a second messenger and activates protein kinase C
  6. IP3 binds to ligand gated Ca2+ receptors, causing the release of Ca2+
  7. Ca2+ stimulates bronchoconstriction
28
Q

Name the two types of receptor ligand.

A
  1. AGONIST - molecule binds to a receptor and activates it. Has both affinity and efficacy
  2. ANTAGONIST - molecule blocks the effect of an agonist by competing for its binding site, but cannot activate the receptor. Has affinity but zero efficacy.
29
Q

Name 2 types of bronchodilators given to those with asthma and COPD.

A

Beta-2-agonists - these increase bronchodilation

Muscarinic antagonists - these decrease bronchoconstriction

30
Q

Name a short acting and long acting beta-2-agonist.

A

Short acting: Salbutamol

Long acting: Salmeterol

31
Q

Name a short acting and long acting muscarinic antagonist.

A

Short acting: Ipratropium

Long acting: Tiotropium

32
Q

Name the distinguishable feature of thoracic vertebrae.

A

Costal facets to articulate with ribs

33
Q

Which component do the lungs provide in the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Respiratory Physiology (11 decks)

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