Lower MSK Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 3 main articulations within the pelvis/hip bone?
2x sacroiliac joints - between iliac crest and sacrum
Sacrococcygeal symphysis – between the sacrum and the coccyx
Pubic symphysis – between the pubis bodies of the two hip bones
What bones does the bony pelvis consist of?
2x hip bones (pelvic bones)
Sarum
Coccyx
What resides within the greater pelvis ?
- Greater (false pelvis)– located superiorly, it provides support of the lower abdominal viscera (such as the ileum and sigmoid colon). It has little obstetric relevance.
What resides within the lesser pelvis ?
- Lesser (true pelvis)– located inferiorly, contains pelvic cavity and pelvic viscera.
Where does the iliofemoral ligament arise from and end?
arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine (ASIS) and then bifurcates into the intertrochanteric line of the femur.
Where does the pubofemoral ligament arise from and end?
arises from the superior pubic rami and the intertrochanteric line of the femur
-
Ischiofemoral–**spans between the body of the ischium and the greater trochanter of the femur, reinforcing the capsule posteriorly.
- It has a spiral orientation, and prevents hyperextension and holds the femoral head in the acetabulum.
Structure + Function of iliofemoral ligament ?
It has a ‘Y’ shaped appearance, bifurcates and then meets at intertrochanter line of femur
prevents hyperextension of the hip joint
Structure + Function of pubofemoral ligament ?
It has a triangular shape
prevents excessive abduction and extension
Structure + Function of ischiofemoral ligament ?
Spiral Shape
Prevents hyperextension
joins femur to acetabulum
Where does the ischiofemoral ligament arise from and end?
Stems from ischium body ends in greater trochanter of femur
What is the pelvic girdle?
pelvic girdle – the bony structure that attaches the axial skeleton to the lower limbs
Where does the acetabulum sit anatomically?
head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
Socket - cup-like depression located on the inferolateral aspectof the pelvis
What 3 bones make up the hip bones?
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Which nerves innervate the hip joint?
sciatic
femoral
obturator
What vessels comprise the blood supply to the hip joint?
mainly medial and lateral circumflex artery
obturator artery
some branches of femoral artery
superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Which 2 ligaments attach to the ischium and what are their functions?
- Sacrospinous ligament– from the ischial spine to the sacrum, thus creating the greater sciatic foramen through which lower limb neurovasculature (including the sciatic nerve) transcends.
- Sacrotuberous ligament– runs from sacrum to the ischial tuberosity, forming the lesser sciatic foramen
What structures do the pubis and ischium both consist of?
body
superior ramus
inferior ramus
What do the posterorinferior aspect of the ischium form?
They form the ischial tuberositiesand when sitting, it is these tuberosities on which our body weight falls.
What passes through the greater sciatic foramen?
lower limb neurovasculature (including the sciatic nerve)
How is the greater sciatic foramen made?
It is formed from the sacrospinous ligament attaching from the ischium spine to the sacrum
How is the lesser sciatic foramen created?
From the Sacrotuberous ligament which runs from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity
Where does the iliac crest extend from and to?
It extends from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).
How is the obturator foramen created?
Due to the joining of the superior pubis ramus and the inferior pubis ramus
Which structures pass through the obturator foramen?
obturator nerve, artery and vein pass through to reach the lower limb
Which of the 3 hip bones forms the superior part of the acetabulum?
ilium
What is the fibrocartilaginous layer of the acetabulum called?
acetabulum labrus
What innervates the anterior compartment of thigh?
Femoral L2-L4
What innervates the posterior compartment of thigh?
Sciatic L4-S3
What are muscles of the posterior compartment of thigh?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosius
Semitendinosus
What innervates medial compartment of thigh?
Obturator nerve
What are muscles of the anterior compartment of thigh?
Iliopsoas,
Quads (vastud lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, sartorius)
Pectineum
What are muscles of the medial compartment of thigh?
Gracilis
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus
What are 3 superficial gluteal muscles?
Gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
what are the 2 articulating surfaces of the knee?
tibiofemoral: where tibia meets femur
patellofemoral: where patella meets femur
what are the menisci of the knee and their functions?
C shaped cartilage rings, 2 functions:
shock absorbers: increasing SA To further dissipate forces that are transmitted across the joint
deepens articular surface of tibia - increase joint stability
what are the 3 categories of ligaments of the knee and their functions?
Patellar - connects quadriceps femoris to tibial tuberosity
cruciate - forward and backwards stability of knee
collateral - sideways stability of knee
Connections and functions of collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL)?
MCL - runs medial to knee
connects femur to the tibia
resists forces that push knee inwards (valgus forces)
LCL - runs lateral to knee
connects femur to fibula
resists forces that push knee outwards (varus forces)
Connections and functions of cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL) - what happens when these ligaments are damaged?
ACL
connects posterior surface of femur to anterior surface of tibia
ACL Stops tibia sliding too far forward in relation to femur
damaged due to football injuries, sudden/ awkard movements
PCL
connects anterior surface of the femyr to posterior surface of tibia
PCL Stops tibia sliding too far back in relation to femur
damaged by a sudden force through the top of the shin, eg car accident or fall, or by hyperextending the knee
What are the 4 main knee bursae and where are they located?
suprapatellar - between quadriceps femoris and femur
prepatellar - between patella apex + skin
infrapatellar
deep: between tibia head + patellar ligament
superficial: between patellar ligament + skin
semimembranous: between semimembranosus muscle and the medial head of the grastrocnemius muscle
Whart is the pes anserinus?
connection of 3 tendons: semitendinous, graciis, sartorius
3 conjoined tendons connected from the hamstring to medial surface tibia
What structures are responsible for knee extension?
Anterior thigh muscles
sartorius
quadriceps femoris group of muscles which inserts into tibial tuberosity
Patella
Patellar tendon
What are knee flexors?
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
gracilis
gastrocnemius
popliteus
What muscles are responsible for knee rotation?
hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, gastrocnemius, plantaris, and popliteus
What are the anterior thigh muscles?
psoas major
iliacus
rectus femoris
vastus medialis
vastus lateralis
pectineus
sartorius
What are the medial thigh muscles?
obturator externus
adductor brevis
adductor lingus
adductor magnus
gracilis
What are the posterior thigh muscles?
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitenonosus
What is neurovascular supply of anterior thigh muscles?
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
L2-L4
What is neurovascular supply of medial thigh muscles?
L2-L4
obturator artery
What is neurovascular supply of posterior thigh muscles?
sciatic nerve
femoral artery
