LOWER LIMBS (ANATOMY AND PROJECTIONS) Flashcards
The foot consists of __ bones
26 BONES
* 14 phalanges (bones of toes)
* 5 metatarsals (bones of the instep)
* 7 tarsals (bone of the ankle)
Foot is sometime divided into:
- Forefoot
- Midfoot, and
- Hindfoot
The forefoot includes the
metatarsals and toes
The midfoot includes
five tarsals, the cuneiforms, navicular, and cuboid bones
The bone of the foot is shaped and joined together to form a series of:
Longitudinal and
Transverse arches
FUNCTIONS: The ___ as a shock absorber to distribute the weight of the body in all directions, which permits smooth walking.
longitudinal arch
FUNCTIONS: The __ runs from side to side and assists in supporting the longitudinal arch.
transverse arch
The superior surface of the foot is termed the ____
dorsum or dorsal surface
Enumerate: transverse arch bones lateral to medial
Cuboid, 3rd Cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 1st Cuneiform
The phalange of the great toe is termed the ___
distal and proximal phalanges.
Each phalanx is composed of a ___
body and two expanded articular ends, the proximal base and the distal head.
Between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit is the
interphalangeal (IP) joint.
Between the middle and distal phalanges is the __
distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint.
Between the proximal and middle phalanges is the __
proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint.
Between the metatarsals and tarsals
tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints
The __metatarsals are numbered one to five beginning at the ___.
five; medial or great toe side of the foot
The metatarsals consist of a ___
The expanded proximal end is called __
The five heads form the __ of the foot.
The first metatarsal is the __ and __
The second metatarsal is the ___
The base of the fifth metatarsal contains a prominent tuberosity, which is a common side of __
body and two articular ends.
base
“ball”
shortest and thickest.
longest
fractures.
Each of the joints at the head of the metatarsal is a ___, and each of the joints at the base of the metatarsal is a __
metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint; tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint
The base of the third metatarsal or the third tarsometatarsal joint is important because this is the centering point of the central ray location for ___ projections.
anteroposterior (AP) and oblique foot
Beneath the head of the first metatarsal are two small bones called ___
sesamoid bones
They are detached from the foot and embedded within two tendons.
sesamoid bones
These bones are seen on most adult foot radiographs. They are a common site of fractures and must be demonstrated radiographically.
sesamoid bones
The proximal foot contains seven tarsals;
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Cuboid
- Navicular Bone
- Medial Cuneiform
- Intermediate Cuneiform
- Lateral Cuneiform
The __ is the largest and strongest tarsal bone.
calcaneus
It projects posteriorly and medially at the distal part of the foot.
The long axis of the ___ is directed inferiorly and forms an angle of approximately __.
The posterior and inferior portions of the __ contain the posterior tuberosity for attachment of the __.
calcaneus; 30 degrees; Achilles Tendon
Between the middle and posterior talar articular facets is a groove, the __, which corresponds to a similar groove on the inferior surface of the talus
Collectively these sulci comprise the __
The medial aspect of the calcaneus extends outward as a shelflike overhang and is termed the ___
The lateral surface of the calcaneus contains the ___
calcaneus sulcus; sinus tarsi; sustentaculum tali; trochlea
The __, irregular in form and occupying the most superior position of the foot, is the second largest of the tarsal bones.
talus
The talus articulates with four bones, ___
the tibia, fibula, calcaneus, navicular bone
The head of the talus is directed __ and has articular surfaces that join the navicular bone and calcaneus.
On the inferior surface is a groove, the __, that forms the roof of the __
Posterior to the sinus tarsi is the posterior articular surface for articulation with the __
anteriorly; sulcus tali; sinus tarsi; calcaneus
The ___ lies on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals.
cuboid bone
The __ lies on the medial side of the foot between the talus and the three cuneiforms.
navicular bone
The ___ is the largest of the three cuneiform bones, and the intermediate is the smallest.
medial cuneiform
The expanded distal end of the slender fibula, which extends well down alongside the talus, is called the ___
lateral malleolus
The ankle joint is formed by three bones—the two long bones of the lower leg, ____, and one __
the tibia and fibula; tarsal bone, the talus
The lie at the central and medial aspect of the foot between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal.
cuneiforms
The medial elongated process of the tibia that extends down alongside the medial talus is called the ___
medial malleolus
The lateral malleolus extends about ___ more distal than its counterpart, the medial malleolus.
1 cm (½ inch)
The inferior portions of the tibia and fibula form a deep “socket” or three-sided opening, called a ___, into which the superior talus fits.
mortise
A __ internally rotated ___ projection, called the mortise position, is performed to demonstrate the mortise of the joint, which should have an even space over the entire talar surface.
15°; AP oblique projection
The distal tibial joint surface that forms the roof of the ankle mortise joint is called the ___
tibial plafond (ceiling).
Certain types of fractures of the ankle in children and youth involve the ___
distal tibial epiphysis and the tibial plafond.
The ankle joint, seen in a ___ position, demonstrates that the distal fibula is located about 1 cm (½ inch) posterior in relation to the distal tibia.
true lateral
A true lateral requires the lateral malleolus to be about ___ posterior to the medial malleolus.
1 cm (½ inch)
ANKLE JOINT- AXIAL VIEW: It also demonstrated are the relative positions of the__
lateral and medial malleoli of the fibula and tibia.
A line drawn through the mid portions of the two malleoli would be approximately ___ from the coronal plane (the true side-to side plane of the body).
15° to 20°
The ___, the second largest bone in the body, is situated on the medial side of the leg.
Slightly posterior to the tibia on the lateral side of the leg is the __.
tibia; fibula
The proximal end of the tibia has two prominent processes ___
The medial and lateral condyles.
TIBIA: * These two flat-like (or concave articular facets) superior surfaces are called ___, and they slope posteriorly about __
tibial plateaus; 10 to 20 degrees.
Between the two articular surfaces is a sharp projection, the intercondylar eminence, which terminates in two peak-like processes called ___
The lateral condyle has a facet at its distal posterior surfaces for articulation with the __
On the anterior surface of the tibia, just below the condyles is a prominent process called the ___, to which the ligamentum patellae attach.
the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles.
head of the fibula
tibial tuberosity
Sometimes in young persons, the tibial tuberosity separates from the body of the tibia, a condition known as ___
Osgood-Schlatter Disease.
The __ is the long portion of the tibia between the two extremities.
Body (shaft)
Along the anterior surface of the body, extending from the tibial tuberosity to the medial malleolus, is a sharp ridge called the __
anterior crest or border.
This sharp anterior crest is just under the skin surface and often is referred to as the __
shin or shin bone.
The distal end of the tibia is broad, and its medial surface is prolonged into a large process called the __
medial malleolus.
The enlarged distal end of the fibula can be felt as a distinct “bump” on the lateral aspect of the ankle joint and as described earlier is called the __
lateral malleolus.
The __ is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body.
femur
The patella, as a large sesamoid bone, is embedded in the tendon of the __
Large quadriceps femoris muscle.
Anteriorly, the condyles are separated by the __—a shallow, triangular depression.
Posteriorly, the condyles are separated by a deep depression, called the ___
patellar surface; intercondylar fossa.
As the lower leg is flexed, the patella moves __ and is drawn inward into the intercondylar groove or sulcus.
downward
A partial flexion is almost __, shows the patella being pulled only partially downward, but with the __, the patella would move down farther over the distal portion of the femur.
45 degrees; 90 degrees flexion
The knee joint contains two fibrocartilage disks called the ___
lateral and medial meniscus.
The following important ligaments of the knee
○ Posterior cruciate ligament
○ Anterior cruciate ligament
○ Tibial collateral ligament
○ Fibular collateral ligament
The __ provide stability for the knee and also act as a shock absorber.
The __ are commonly torn during injury.
menisci
