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4TH YEAR - REVIEW CLASS (LOWER LIMBS) > LOWER LIMBS (ANATOMY AND PROJECTIONS) > Flashcards

LOWER LIMBS (ANATOMY AND PROJECTIONS) Flashcards

1
Q

The foot consists of __ bones

A

26 BONES
* 14 phalanges (bones of toes)
* 5 metatarsals (bones of the instep)
* 7 tarsals (bone of the ankle)

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2
Q

Foot is sometime divided into:

A
  • Forefoot
  • Midfoot, and
  • Hindfoot
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3
Q

The forefoot includes the

A

metatarsals and toes

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4
Q

The midfoot includes

A

five tarsals, the cuneiforms, navicular, and cuboid bones

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5
Q

The bone of the foot is shaped and joined together to form a series of:

A

Longitudinal and
Transverse arches

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6
Q

FUNCTIONS: The ___ as a shock absorber to distribute the weight of the body in all directions, which permits smooth walking.

A

longitudinal arch

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7
Q

FUNCTIONS: The __ runs from side to side and assists in supporting the longitudinal arch.

A

transverse arch

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8
Q

The superior surface of the foot is termed the ____

A

dorsum or dorsal surface

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9
Q

Enumerate: transverse arch bones lateral to medial

A

Cuboid, 3rd Cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 1st Cuneiform

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10
Q

The phalange of the great toe is termed the ___

A

distal and proximal phalanges.

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11
Q

Each phalanx is composed of a ___

A

body and two expanded articular ends, the proximal base and the distal head.

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12
Q

Between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit is the

A

interphalangeal (IP) joint.

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13
Q

Between the middle and distal phalanges is the __

A

distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint.

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14
Q

Between the proximal and middle phalanges is the __

A

proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint.

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15
Q

Between the metatarsals and tarsals

A

tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints

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16
Q

The __metatarsals are numbered one to five beginning at the ___.

A

five; medial or great toe side of the foot

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17
Q

The metatarsals consist of a ___
The expanded proximal end is called __
The five heads form the __ of the foot.
The first metatarsal is the __ and __
The second metatarsal is the ___
The base of the fifth metatarsal contains a prominent tuberosity, which is a common side of __

A

body and two articular ends.
base
“ball”
shortest and thickest.
longest
fractures.

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18
Q

Each of the joints at the head of the metatarsal is a ___, and each of the joints at the base of the metatarsal is a __

A

metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint; tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint

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19
Q

The base of the third metatarsal or the third tarsometatarsal joint is important because this is the centering point of the central ray location for ___ projections.

A

anteroposterior (AP) and oblique foot

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20
Q

Beneath the head of the first metatarsal are two small bones called ___

A

sesamoid bones

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21
Q

They are detached from the foot and embedded within two tendons.

A

sesamoid bones

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22
Q

These bones are seen on most adult foot radiographs. They are a common site of fractures and must be demonstrated radiographically.

A

sesamoid bones

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23
Q

The proximal foot contains seven tarsals;

A
  1. Calcaneus
  2. Talus
  3. Cuboid
  4. Navicular Bone
  5. Medial Cuneiform
  6. Intermediate Cuneiform
  7. Lateral Cuneiform
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24
Q

The __ is the largest and strongest tarsal bone.

A

calcaneus

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25
Q

It projects posteriorly and medially at the distal part of the foot.
The long axis of the ___ is directed inferiorly and forms an angle of approximately __.
The posterior and inferior portions of the __ contain the posterior tuberosity for attachment of the __.

A

calcaneus; 30 degrees; Achilles Tendon

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26
Q

Between the middle and posterior talar articular facets is a groove, the __, which corresponds to a similar groove on the inferior surface of the talus
Collectively these sulci comprise the __
The medial aspect of the calcaneus extends outward as a shelflike overhang and is termed the ___
The lateral surface of the calcaneus contains the ___

A

calcaneus sulcus; sinus tarsi; sustentaculum tali; trochlea

27
Q

The __, irregular in form and occupying the most superior position of the foot, is the second largest of the tarsal bones.

A

talus

28
Q

The talus articulates with four bones, ___

A

the tibia, fibula, calcaneus, navicular bone

29
Q

The head of the talus is directed __ and has articular surfaces that join the navicular bone and calcaneus.
On the inferior surface is a groove, the __, that forms the roof of the __
Posterior to the sinus tarsi is the posterior articular surface for articulation with the __

A

anteriorly; sulcus tali; sinus tarsi; calcaneus

30
Q

The ___ lies on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals.

A

cuboid bone

30
Q

The __ lies on the medial side of the foot between the talus and the three cuneiforms.

A

navicular bone

31
Q

The ___ is the largest of the three cuneiform bones, and the intermediate is the smallest.

A

medial cuneiform

31
Q

The expanded distal end of the slender fibula, which extends well down alongside the talus, is called the ___

A

lateral malleolus

31
Q

The ankle joint is formed by three bones—the two long bones of the lower leg, ____, and one __

A

the tibia and fibula; tarsal bone, the talus

31
Q

The lie at the central and medial aspect of the foot between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal.

A

cuneiforms

31
Q

The medial elongated process of the tibia that extends down alongside the medial talus is called the ___

A

medial malleolus

32
Q

The lateral malleolus extends about ___ more distal than its counterpart, the medial malleolus.

A

1 cm (½ inch)

33
Q

The inferior portions of the tibia and fibula form a deep “socket” or three-sided opening, called a ___, into which the superior talus fits.

A

mortise

34
Q

A __ internally rotated ___ projection, called the mortise position, is performed to demonstrate the mortise of the joint, which should have an even space over the entire talar surface.

A

15°; AP oblique projection

35
Q

The distal tibial joint surface that forms the roof of the ankle mortise joint is called the ___

A

tibial plafond (ceiling).

36
Q

Certain types of fractures of the ankle in children and youth involve the ___

A

distal tibial epiphysis and the tibial plafond.

37
Q

The ankle joint, seen in a ___ position, demonstrates that the distal fibula is located about 1 cm (½ inch) posterior in relation to the distal tibia.

A

true lateral

38
Q

A true lateral requires the lateral malleolus to be about ___ posterior to the medial malleolus.

A

1 cm (½ inch)

39
Q

ANKLE JOINT- AXIAL VIEW: It also demonstrated are the relative positions of the__

A

lateral and medial malleoli of the fibula and tibia.

40
Q

A line drawn through the mid portions of the two malleoli would be approximately ___ from the coronal plane (the true side-to side plane of the body).

A

15° to 20°

41
Q

The ___, the second largest bone in the body, is situated on the medial side of the leg.
Slightly posterior to the tibia on the lateral side of the leg is the __.

A

tibia; fibula

42
Q

The proximal end of the tibia has two prominent processes ___

A

The medial and lateral condyles.

43
Q

TIBIA: * These two flat-like (or concave articular facets) superior surfaces are called ___, and they slope posteriorly about __

A

tibial plateaus; 10 to 20 degrees.

44
Q

Between the two articular surfaces is a sharp projection, the intercondylar eminence, which terminates in two peak-like processes called ___
The lateral condyle has a facet at its distal posterior surfaces for articulation with the __
On the anterior surface of the tibia, just below the condyles is a prominent process called the ___, to which the ligamentum patellae attach.

A

the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles.
head of the fibula
tibial tuberosity

45
Q

Sometimes in young persons, the tibial tuberosity separates from the body of the tibia, a condition known as ___

A

Osgood-Schlatter Disease.

46
Q

The __ is the long portion of the tibia between the two extremities.

A

Body (shaft)

47
Q

Along the anterior surface of the body, extending from the tibial tuberosity to the medial malleolus, is a sharp ridge called the __

A

anterior crest or border.

48
Q

This sharp anterior crest is just under the skin surface and often is referred to as the __

A

shin or shin bone.

49
Q

The distal end of the tibia is broad, and its medial surface is prolonged into a large process called the __

A

medial malleolus.

50
Q

The enlarged distal end of the fibula can be felt as a distinct “bump” on the lateral aspect of the ankle joint and as described earlier is called the __

A

lateral malleolus.

51
Q

The __ is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body.

A

femur

52
Q

The patella, as a large sesamoid bone, is embedded in the tendon of the __

A

Large quadriceps femoris muscle.

53
Q

Anteriorly, the condyles are separated by the __—a shallow, triangular depression.
Posteriorly, the condyles are separated by a deep depression, called the ___

A

patellar surface; intercondylar fossa.

54
Q

As the lower leg is flexed, the patella moves __ and is drawn inward into the intercondylar groove or sulcus.

A

downward

55
Q

A partial flexion is almost __, shows the patella being pulled only partially downward, but with the __, the patella would move down farther over the distal portion of the femur.

A

45 degrees; 90 degrees flexion

56
Q

The knee joint contains two fibrocartilage disks called the ___

A

lateral and medial meniscus.

57
Q

The following important ligaments of the knee

A

○ Posterior cruciate ligament
○ Anterior cruciate ligament
○ Tibial collateral ligament
○ Fibular collateral ligament

58
Q

The __ provide stability for the knee and also act as a shock absorber.
The __ are commonly torn during injury.

A

menisci

59
Q
A

4TH YEAR - REVIEW CLASS (LOWER LIMBS) (2 decks)

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