Lower Limb Practical Flashcards
Abductor Digiti Minimi
O: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septum.
I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit.
I: Lateral Plantar Nerve.
A: Abducts and flexes 5th digit.
BS: Medial-lateral plantar artery.
Abductor Hallucis
O: Medical tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis.
I: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit.
I: Medial Plantar Nerve.
A: Abducts and flexes 1st digit.
BS: Medial plantar and 1st plantar metatarsal arteries.
Adductor Brevis
O: Body and inferior pubic ramus.
I: Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur.
I: Obturator Nerve.
A: Adducts thigh at hip, weak hip flexor.
BS: Profunda femoris.
Adductor Hallucis
O: Oblique head- bases of 2nd through 4th metatarsals.
O: Transverse head- ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints of digits 3-5.
I: Tendons of both heads lateral to side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit.
I: Deep Branch of Lateral Plantar Nerve
A: Adducts 1st digit, maintains transverse arch of foot.
BS: Medial and lateral plantar arteries and plantar arch.
Adductor Longus
O: Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest.
I: Middle third of linea aspera of femur.
I: Obturator Nerve (anterior division).
A: Adducts thigh at hip.
BS: Profunda femoris and medial circumflex femoral arteries.
Adductor Magnus
O: Inferior pubic ramus, ramus of ischium.
O: Hamstring part- Sciatic nerve (tibial division).
I: Gluteral tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line.
I: Hamstring part- Adductor tubercle of femur.
I:Adductor part- Obturator Nerve.
I: Hamstring part- Sciatic Nerve (tibial division).
A: Adductor part- Adducts and flexes thigh.
A: Hamstring part- Extends thigh.
BS: Femoral, profunda femoris, and obturator arteries.
Articularis Genus
O: Distal femur on anterior surface.
I: Suprapatellar bursa.
I: Femoral Nerve.
A: Pulls suprapatellar bursa superiorly with extension of knee.
BS: Femoral artery.
Biceps Femoris
O: Long head- Ischial tuberosity
O: Short head- Linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur.
I: Lateral side of head of fibula.
I: Long head- Sciatic Nerve (tibial division) (L5-S2)
I: Short head- Sciatic Nerve (common fibular division)
A: Flexes and laterally rotates leg, extends thigh at hip.
BS: Perforating branches of profunda femoris.
Dorsal Interossei (4 muscles)
O: Adjacent sides of 1st through 5th metatarsals.
I: 1st- Medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit.
I: 2nd through 4th- lateral sides of digits 2-4.
I: Lateral Plantar Nerve.
A: Abduct 2nd through 4th toes, flex metatarsophalangeal joints, and extend phalanges.
BS: Arcuate artery.
Extensor Digitorum Brevis & Extensor Hallucis Brevis
O: Superolateral surface of calcaneus, lateral talocalcaneal ligament, cruciate crural ligament.
I: First tendon into dorsal surface of base of proximal phalanx of great toe: Other three tendons into lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum longus to digits 2-4.
I: Deep Fibular Nerve.
A: Aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending of 4 medial digits at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints.
BS: Dorsalis Pedis.
Extensor Digitorum Longus
O: Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 3/4 of anterior surface of interosseous membrane and fibula.
I: Middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits.
I: Deep Fibular Nerve.
A: Extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes foot at ankle.
BS: Anterior tibial artery.
Extensor Hallucis Longus
O: Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane.
I: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe.
I: Deep fibular nerve.
A: Extends great toe, dorsiflexes foot at ankle.
BS: Anterior tibial artery.
Fibularis Peroneus Brevis
O: Distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula.
I: Dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of 5th metatarsal.
I: Superficial Fibular Nerve.
A: Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes foot at ankle.
BS: Anterior tibial and fibular arteries.
Fibularis Peroneus Longus
O: Head and proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula.
I: Plantar base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform.
I: Superficial Fibular Nerve.
A: Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes foot at ankle.
BS: Anterior tibial and fibular arteries.
Fibularis Peroneous Tertius
O: Distal third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane.
I: Dorsum of base of 5th metacarpal.
I: Deep Fibular Nerve.
A: Dorsiflexes foot at ankle and aids in eversion of foot.
BS: Anterior Tibial Artery.
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
O: Base of 5th metatarsal.
I: Lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit.
I: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve.
A: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit.
BS: Lateral plantar artery.
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
O: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septum.
I: Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits.
I: Medial Plantar Nerve.
A: Flexes 2nd through 5th digits.
BS: Medial and lateral plantar arteries and plantar arch.
Flexor Digitorum Longus
O: Medial part of posterior tibia inferior to soleal line.
I: Plantar bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits.
I: Tibial Nerve.
A: Flexes lateral four digits and plantarflexes foot at ankle; Supports longitudinal arches of foot.
BS: Posterior Tibial Artery.
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
O: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform.
I: Both sides of proximal phalanx of 1st digit.
I: Medial Plantar Nerve.
A: Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit.
BS: Medial Plantar Artery.
Flexor Hallucis Longus
O: Distal 2/3 of posterior fibula and interosseous membrane.
I: Base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallux).
I: Tibial Nerve.
A: Flexes all joints of great toe, weakly plantarflexes foot at ankle.
BS: Fibular Artery.
Gastrocnemius
O: Lateral Head- Lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur.
O: Medial Head- Popliteal surface above medial condyle of femur.
I: Posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon.
I: Tibial Nerve.
A: Plantarflexes foot at ankle joint, assists in flexion of knee joint, raises heel during walking.
BS: Popliteal and Posterior Tibial Arteries.
Gluteus Maximus
O: Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament.
I: Most fibers end in iliotibial tract that inserts into lateral condyle of tibia; Some fibers insert into gluteal tuberosity of femur.
I: Inferior Gluteal Nerve.
A: Extends flexed thigh, assists in lateral rotation, and abducts thigh.
BS: Inferior Gluteal Arteries (occasionally superior gluteal arteries).
Gluteus Medius
O: Lateral surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines.
I: Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur.
I: Superior Gluteal Nerve.
A: Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hips; Steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised.
BS: Superior Gluteal Artery.
Gluteus Minimus
O: Lateral surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines.
I: Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur.
I: Superior Gluteal Nerve.
A: Abducts and medially rotates thigh at hips; Steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised.
BS: Main trunk and deep branch of superior gluteal artery.
Gracilis
O: Body and inferior ramus of pubis.
I: Superior part of medial surface of tibia.
I: Obturator Nerve.
A: Adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg.
BS: Profunda Femoris Artery.
Iliacus (Iliopsoas)
O: Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, iliac crest, ala of sacrum, anterior sacro-iliac ligaments.
I: Lesser trochanter of femur and shaft inferior to it, to psoas major tendon.
I: Femoral Nerve.
A: Flexes thigh at hips and stabilizes hip joint, acts with psoas major.
BS: Iliac branches of iliolumbar artery.
Inferior Gemellus
O: Ischial Tuberosity.
I: Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur.
I: Nerve to Quadratus Femoris.
A: Laterally rotates extended thigh at the hip.
BS: Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery.
Lumbricals
O: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
I: Medial side of dorsal digital expansions of lateral 4 digits.
I: Medial one- Medial Plantar Nerve.
I: Lateral three- Lateral Plantar Nerve.
A: Flexes proximal phalanges at MTP joint, extends phalanges at PIP and DIP joints.
BS: Lateral Plantar Artery.
Obturator Externus
O: Margins of obturator foramen, obturator membrane.
I: Trochanteric fossa of femur.
I: Obturator Nerve.
A: Laterally rotates thigh, stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum.
BS: Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery
Obturator Internus
O: Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone.
I: Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur.
I: Nerve to Obturator Internus.
A: Laterally rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh at hip.
BS: Internal pudendal and obturator arteries.
Pectineus
O: Superior ramus of pubis.
I: Pectineal line of femur.
I: Femoral Nerve (sometimes obturator nerve).
A: Adducts and flexes thigh at hip.
BS: Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery.
Piriformis
O: Anterior surface of sacral segments 2-4, sacrotuberous ligament.
I: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur.
I: Ventral Rami of L5, S1, S2.
A: Laterally rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh at hip.
BS: Superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
Plantar Interossei (3 muscles)
O: Bases and medial sides of 3rd through 5th metatarsals.
I: Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd through 5th digits.
I: Lateral Plantar Nerve.
A: Adducts digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joint and extend phalanges.
BS: Lateral Plantar Artery and Plantar Arch.
Plantaris
O: Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament.
I: Posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon.
I: Tibial Nerve.
A: Weakly assists gastrocnemius.
BS: Popliteal Artery.
Popliteus
O: Lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus.
I: Posterior tibia superior to soleal line.
I: Tibial Nerve (L4-S1).
A: Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by rotating femur on fixed tibia.
BS: Inferior Medial and Lateral Genicular Arteries.
Psoas Major (Iliopsoas)
O: Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, sides of bodies of T12-L5 vertebrae, intervening intervertebral discs.
I: Lesser trochanter of femur.
I: Ventral Rami of First Lumbar Nerve.
A: Acting superiorly with iliacus, flexes hip; acting inferiorly, flexes vertebral column laterally; used to balance trunk in sitting position; acting inferiorly with iliacus, flexes trunk.
BS: Lumbar Branches of Iliolumbar Artery.
Quadratus Femoris
O: Lateral margin of ischial tuberosity.
I: Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur.
I: Nerve to Quadratus Femoris.
A: Laterally rotates thigh at hip.
BS: Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery.
Quadratus Plantae
O: Medial and lateral sides of plantar surface of calcaneus.
I: Posterolateral edge of flexor digitorum longus tendon.
I: Lateral Plantar Nerve.
A: Corrects for oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus tendon, thus assists in flexion of toes.
BS: Medial and Lateral Plantar Arteries and Deep Plantar Arterial Arch.
Rectus Femoris (Quadriceps)
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum.
I: Base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
I: Femoral Nerve.
A: Extends leg at knee joint and flexes thigh at hip joint.
BS: Profunda Femoris and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries.
Sartorius
O: Anterior superior iliac spine and superior part of notch below it.
I: Superior part of medial surface of tibia.
I: Femoral Nerve.
A: Abducts, laterally rotates, and flexes thigh; flexes knee joint.
BS: Femoral Artery.
Semimembranosus
O: Ischial Tuberosity.
I: Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia.
I: Sciatic Nerve (tibial division).
A: Flexes leg, extends thigh.
BS: Perforating Branch of Profunda Femoris and Medial Circumflex Femoral Arteries.
Semitendinosus
O: Ischial Tuberosity.
I: Superior part of medial surface of tibia.
I: Sciatic Nerve (tibial division).
A: Flexes leg, extends thigh.
BS: Perforating Branch of Profunda Femoris and Medial Circumflex Femoral Arteries.
Soleus
O: Posterior aspect of head of fibula, proximal 1/4 of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line of tibia.
I: Posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon.
I: Tibial Nerve.
A: Plantarflexes foot at ankle, stabilizes leg over foot.
BS: Popliteal, Posterior Tibial, and Fibular Arteries.
Superior Gemellus
O: Outer surface of ischial spine.
I: Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur.
I: Nerve to Obturator Internus.
A: Laterally rotates extended thigh at the hip.
BS: Inferior Gluteal and Internal Pudendal Arteries.
Tensor Fasciae Latae
O: Anterior superior iliac spine and anterior part of iliac crest.
I: Iliotibial tract that attaches to lateral condyle of tibia.
I: Superior Gluteal Nerve.
A: Abducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh at hip; helps to keep knee extended.
BS: Ascending Branch of Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery.
Tibialis Anterior
O: Lateral condyle, proximal half of lateral tibia, interosseous membrane.
I: Medial plantar surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal.
I: Deep Fibular Nerve.
A: Dorsiflexes foot at ankle and inverts foot.
BS: Anterior Tibial Artery.
Tibialis Posterior
O: Posterior tibia below soleal line, interosseous membrane, proximal half of posterior fibula.
I: Tuberosity of navicular bone, all cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of 2nd through 4th metatarsals.
I: Tibial Nerve.
A: Plantarflexes foot at ankle and inverts foot.
BS: Fibular Artery.
Vastus Intermedius (Quadriceps)
O: Anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur.
I: Base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
I: Femoral Nerve.
A: Extends leg at knee joint.
BS: Lateral Circumflex Femoral and Profunda Femoris Arteries.
Vastus Lateralis (Quadriceps)
O: Greater trochanter, lateral lip of linea aspera of femur.
I: Base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
I: Femoral Nerve.
A: Extends leg at knee joint.
BS: Lateral Cicumflex Femoral and Profunda Femoris Arteries.
Vastus Medialis (Quadriceps)
O: Intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera of femur.
I: Base of patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.
I: Femoral Nerve.
A: Extends leg at knee joint.
BS: Femoral and Profunda Femoris Arteries.
