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3a - Geriatrics > Lower limb fractures - BULLSHIT DONT LEARN JUST DO NOF > Flashcards

Lower limb fractures - BULLSHIT DONT LEARN JUST DO NOF Flashcards

1
Q

Types of femur fractures

A
  • Shaft
  • Distal
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2
Q

Shaft fracture clinical features

A
  • Extreme pain
  • Deformity
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3
Q

Types of shaft fractures

A
  • Transverse type
  • Oblique type
  • Spiral type
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4
Q

Shaft fracture mechanism of injury (MOI)

A
  • MC Motorcycle accidents
  • Extremely high energy trauma to the lower limb
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5
Q

Distal fracture location

A

Fracture that occurs between:
- Distal diaphyseal-metaphyseal junction
- Articular surface of femoral condyles

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6
Q

Distal fracture MOI

A
  • High-energy falls in young patients with significant displacement
  • Elderly patients with osteoporosis, sustaining low-energy injuries
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7
Q

Distal fracture clinical features

A

Knee effusions may be present with inter-articular involvement

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8
Q

Types of knee fractures

A

Patella fracture

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9
Q

Patella fracture clinical features

A
  • Inability to straight leg raise
  • Tenderness of the knee cap
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10
Q

Patella fracture MOI

A
  • Direct blow to the knee, e.g. dashboard injury
  • Rapid contraction of the quadriceps against a flexed knee
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11
Q

Patella fracture DDx

A

Anatomical variant = bipartite patella = where individuals have 2 patella components in their knee

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12
Q

Types of tibia fractures

A
  • Secgond fracture
  • Tibial plateau fracture
  • Tibial shaft fracture
  • Toddler’s fracture
  • Tibial plafond fracture
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13
Q

Segond fracture location

A

A small avulsion fracture at the lateral tibia plateau
- Assosciated with ACL injury in 75% of cases

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14
Q

Segond fracture MOI

A

Caused by internal rotation and varus stress
- Typically occur from sporting injuries

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15
Q

Tibial plateau fracture locations

A

Periarticular injuries of the proximal tibia

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16
Q

Tibial plateau MOI

A
  • Varus or valgus injuries causing medial or lateral involvement respectively
  • High energy impact in young individuals
    Low-energy trauma in osteoporotic bone
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17
Q

Tibial shaft fracture clinical features

A
  • Open fractures and compartment syndromes are common features
  • This is due to the lack of fascial compartment and subcutaneous tissues of the shin
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18
Q

Tibial shaft fracture MOI

A

Can arise from direct blows, falls or indirectly (through twisting motions)

19
Q

Tibial shaft fracture epidemiology

A

Most common paediatric fracture of the lower limb

20
Q

Toddler’s fracture location

A

A spiral fracture of the tibia without any injury to the fibula

21
Q

Toddler’s fracture Epidemiology

A
  • Predominantly affects children in their early years of walking
  • Stable fracture: without displacement
22
Q

Toddlers fracture MOI

A
  • Twisting the leg whilst walking/running
  • Getting leg caught whilst moving down a slide
23
Q

Toddler’s fracture treatment

A

Requires no interventions other than monitoring

24
Q

Tibial plafond fracture location

A
  • Fracture of the distal tibia
  • Often has intra-articular involvement
25
Q

Tibial plafond fracture

A
  • Severe ankle pain and inability to weight bear
26
Q

Tibial plafond fracture MOI

A
  • High energy axial load (e.g. fall from height or motor vehicle accident
  • The talus is driven into the plafond, causing tibial fracture
27
Q

Types of fibula fractures

A
  • Maisonneuve fracture
  • Lateral malleolar fracture
28
Q

Maisonneuve fracture location

A
  • Spiral fracture of the proximal fibula associated with ankle instability
  • Ankle injuries include tibiofibular syndesmosis injury and posterior/medial malleolar fractures (tibial plafond)
29
Q

Maisonneuve fracture MOI

A
  • It arises due to the pronation-external rotation mechanism
  • E.g. a foot inversion with rotation on the ankle caused by stepping off a curb awkwardly
30
Q

Types of lateral malleolar fracture

A
  • Weber A: fractures occur distal to the syndesmosis (fibrous connection between tibia and fibula)
  • Weber B: fractures occur at the level of the syndesmosis
  • Weber C: fractures occur proximal to the syndesmosis
31
Q

Lateral malleolar fracture MOI

A

These injuries are typically sustained by “rolling the ankle”

32
Q

Types of foot fractures

A
  • Jones fracture
  • Lisfranc injury
  • Calcaneal fracture
  • Talar neck fracture
33
Q

Jones fracture location

A
  • Fracture of the 5th metatarsal base
34
Q

Jones fracture clinical features

A

Predisposed to poor healing and malunion to limited blood supply

35
Q

Jones fracture

A
  • Inversion injury to the foot
  • May also occur from repetitive stress or overuse, meaning athletes are susceptible
36
Q

Lisfranc injury location

A
  • Tarsometatarsal fracture and dislocation of the Lisfranc region
  • This is predominantly the region where the first and second metatarsals articulate with the tarsals
37
Q

Lisfranc injury MOI

A

Axial load applied to a hyperplantarflexed foot, e.g. falling from a height

38
Q

Calcaneal fracture location

A

Fracture of the heel bone, calcaneus

39
Q

Calcaneal fracture MOI

A

Traumatic axial loading, e.g. falling from a height

40
Q

Most common calcaneal fracture

A

Fractured tarsal bone

41
Q

Talar neck fracture location

A

Fracture of the neck of the talus bone

42
Q

Talar neck fracture MOI

A

Forced dorsiflexion with axial loading

43
Q

Talar fracture complications

A

This fracture carries a high risk of avascular necrosis due to disruption of its retrograde blood flow

3a - Geriatrics (7 decks)

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