Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards
What muscles make up the superficial group of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia latae
What is the innervation of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal nerve
All others = superior gluteal nerve
What muscles make up the deep group of the gluteal region?
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
What is the innervation of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Nerves from sacral plexus
Name A, B, and C
A - Tensor fascia latae
B - Gluteus medius
C - Quadratus femoris
Name A, B, C and D
A - Gluteus maximus
B - Obturator internus
C - Gemelli
D - Piriformis
Name A and B
A - Greater sciatic foramen
B - Sacrotuberous ligament
Name A and B
A - Lesser sciatic foramen
B - Sacrospinous ligament
What does the pudendal nerve (S2-S4) supply?
Perineum
What is the principal nerve to supply the perineum?
Pudendal (S2-S4)
What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-S3) supply?
Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum, and upper medial thigh
What is the nerve to supply the skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum, and upper medial thigh?
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1-S3)
What does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) supply?
Posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles, and most of skin via tibial and common fibular branches
What is the nerve supply to the posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles, and most of skin via tibial and common fibular branches?
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
What artery supplies the sciatic nerve (L4-S3)?
Artery to the sciatic nerve
Where does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) seperate into the tibial nerve and common fibular?
Distal thigh
What does the sciatic nerve (L4-S3) seperate into?
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
What are the superior, medial, lateral, floor, and roof boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Superior - inguinal ligament
Medial - lateral border of adductor longus
Lateral - medial border of sartorius
Floor - iliopsoas and pectineus
Roof - deep fascia
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatics
Name A, B, and C
A - Fibula
B - Tibia
C - Superficial fascia
What muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Pectineus
Iliosoas
Sartorius
(flexors of thigh)
Quadriceps femoris
(extensor of leg)
What is the nerve supply to the anterior compartment of thigh?
Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Psoas major (L1, L2, L3)
Name A, B, and C
A - Ilipsoas
B - Pectineus
C - Sartorius
( + quadriceps femoralis = anterior compartment of thigh)
What muscles are contained in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
(adductors of thigh)
What is the nerve supply to the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
Tibial nerve supplies harmstring part of adductor magnus
Name A, B, C, and D
A - Adductor brevis
B - Adductor longus
C - Adductor magnus
D - Obturator externus
( + gracilis = muscles of medial compartment of the thigh)
What muscles are contained in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris
(extensors of thigh and flexors of leg)
What is the nerve supply to the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Short head of biceps femoris supplied by common fibular division of sciatic
Name A, B, and C
A - Semitendenosus
B - Semimembranosus
C - Biceps femoris
( = muscles of posterior compartment of thigh)
What muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
(dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes)
What is the nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?
Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
Name A, B, C, and D
A - Tibialis Anterior
B - Extensor digitorum longus
C - Extensor hallucis longus
D - Fibularis tertius
( = muscles of anterior compartment of leg)
What muscles are contained in the lateral compartment of the leg?
Figularis longus
Fibularis brevis
(evert foot and weakly plantarflex ankle)
What is the nerve supply to the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
Name A and B
A - Fibularis longus
B - Fibularis brevis
( = muscles of lateral compartment of leg)
What superficial group muscles are contained in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
(plantarflexors of ankle)
What deep group muscles are contained in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
(flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle)
What is the nerve supply to the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve
Name A, B, C, and D
A - Lateral head of gastrocnemius
B - Medial head of gastrocnemius
C - Plantaris
D - Soleus
( = superficial group of posterior compartment of leg)
Name A, B, C, and D
A - Popliteus
B - Tibialis posterior
C - Flexor digitorum longus
D - Flexor hallucis longus
( = muscles of deep group of posterior compartment of leg)
What are the “ball” and “socket” of the hip joint called?
Ball = head of femur
Socket - acetabulum of hip
What ligaments spiral from pelvis to femur to strengthen the hip joint capsule?
Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament
What is the blood supply to the hip joint?
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arterial (from deep femoral artery)
Artery to head of femur (branch of obturator)
What are the articulations of the knee joint?
2 x femerotibial
1 x femeropatellar
Name A and B
A - Medial collateral ligament
B - Patellar ligament
Name A
A - Lateral collateral ligament
Name A and B
A - Anterior cruciate
B - Posterior cruciate
Name A and B
A - Lateral menisci
B - Medial menisci
What are the superolateral, superomedial, inferior, and roof boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Superolateral = biceps femoris
Superomedial = semimembranosus
Inferior = gastrocnemius
Roof = popliteal fascia
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
Fat
Terminal small saphenous vein
Popliteal vessels
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve
Name A and B
A - Tibial nerve
B - Common fibular nerve
Name A and B
A - Popliteal vessels
B - Small saphenous vein
What do the tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus make up together?
Calcaneal tendon (a.k.a. Achilles tendon)
Where does the calcaneal tendon (a.k.a. Achilles tendon) attach?
Calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
What does the “ankle jerk” reflex normally resulting in plantarflexion test?
S1, S2 nerve roots
Name A and B
A - Calcaneal tendon (a.k.a. Achilles tendon)
B - Calcaneal tuberosity
Where do the superficial lymphatics of the leg drain?
Follow saphenous veins to superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Then external iliac lymph nodes
Where do the deep lymphatics of the leg drain?
Follow deep veins to deep inguinal lymph nodes
Then to external iliac lymph nodes
Name the nerve supply to regions A, B, C, D, and E
A - Posterior rami (L1 - L3)
B - Obturator nerve
C - Common fibular nerve
D - Superficial branch of common fibular nerve
E - Deep branch of common fibular nerve
Name the nerve supply to regions A, B, C, D, E and F
A - Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
B - Femoral nerve
C - Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
D - Femoral nerve (saphenous nerve)
E - Tibial nerve (sural nerve)
F - Tibial nerve
What nerves are important for bladder and bowel control?
Pudendal nerves
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
Name A through H
A - Posterior superior illiac spine
B - Ilium
C - Ischial spine
D - Ischium
E - Ischial tuberosity
F - Subpubic angle
G - Ischiopubic ramus
H - Greater sciatic foramen
Name A, B, C, D, and E
A - Posterior sacroiliac ligament
B - Sacrospinous ligament
C - Lesser sciatic foramen
D - Sacrotuberous ligament
E - Obturator foramen
What arteries are susceptible to damage in intracapsular hip fractures?
Retinacular arteries
What does Trendelenburg’s test or gait indicate?
Weakness in abductor muscles
What structure can be used as tendon graft for ACL reconstruction?
Semitendinosus muscle
What does the adductor hiatus transmit?
Femoral artery and vein from Hunter’s canal into popliteal fossa
Saphenous nerve
What does the medial collaterol ligament (MCL) resist?
Valgus stress
What does the anterior collaterol ligament (ACL) resist?
Internal rotation
Anterior translation tibia
What does the posterior collateral ligament (PCL) resist?
Posterior translation tibia
Anterior translation tibia
What does the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) resist?
Varus stress
External rotation
