Lower Limb Flashcards
gluteus maximus
Origin: illium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: upper fibers: iliotibial tract (lateral condyle of tibia); lowermost fibers: gluteal tuberosity of the femur
Action: extends flexed thigh; assists in laterally rotating the femur; abducts thigh
Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
Blood Supply: inferior gluteal artery, some superior gluteal artery
gluteus medius
Origin: lateral surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion: lateral surface of the greater trochanter of femur
Action: abducts and medially rotates thigh at hips; steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Blood Supply: superior gluteal artery
gluteus minimus
Origin: lateral surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion: anterior surface of the greater trochanter of femur
Action: abducts and medially rotates thigh at hips; steadies pelvis on leg when opposite leg is raised
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Blood Supply: main trunk and deep branch of superior gluteal artery
tensor faciae latae
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine and anterior part of iliac crest
Insertion: iliotibial tract that attaches to lateral condyle of tibia
Action: abducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh at hip; helps to keep knee extended
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
Blood Supply: ascending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery
piriformis
Origin: anterior surface of sacral segments 2-4, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: superior border of greater trochanter of femur
Action: laterally rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh at hip
Innervation: ventral rami of L5, S1, S2
Blood Supply: superior and inferior gluteal arteries, internal pudendal artery
obturator internus
Origin: pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone
Insertion: medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Action: laterally rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh at hip
Innervation: nerve to obturator internus
Blood Supply: internal pudendal and obturator arteries
superior gemellus
Origin: outer surface of ischial spine
Insertion: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
Action: laterally rotates extended thigh at hip
Innervation: nerve to obturator internus
Blood Supply: inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries
inferior gemellus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial surface of great trochanter of femur
Action: laterally rotates extended thigh at the hip
Innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
Blood Supply: medial circumflex femoral artery
quadratus femoris
Origin: lateral margin of ischial tuberosity
Insertion: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur
Action: laterally rotates thigh at hip
Innervation: nerve to quadrate femoris
Blood Supply: medial circumflex femoral artery
obturator externus
Origin: margins of obturator foramen, obturator membrane
Insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur
Action: laterally rotates thigh, stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum
Innervation: obturator nerve
Blood Supply: medial circumflex femoral artery, obturator artery
semitendinosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: superior part of medial surface of tibia
Action: flexes leg, extends thigh
Innervation: sciatic nerve (tibial division)
Blood Supply: perforating branch of profunda femoris, medial circumflex femoral arteries
semimembranosus
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: posterior part of medial surface of tibia
Action: flexes leg, extends thigh
Innervation: sciatic nerve (tibial division)
Blood Supply: perforating branch of profunda femoris, medial circumflex femoral arteries
biceps femoris
Origin: Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera, lateral supracondyar line of femur
Insertion: lateral side of head of fibula
Action: flexes and laterally rotates leg, extends thigh at hip
Innervation: Long head: sciatic nerve (tibial division)
Short head: sciatic nerve (common fibular division)
Blood Supply: perforating branches of profunda femoris, inferior gluteal, circumflex femoral arteries
pectineus
Origin: superior ramus of pubis
Insertion: pectineal line of femur
Action: adducts and flexes thigh at hip
Innervation: femoral nerve (sometimes obturator nerve)
Blood Supply: medial circumflex femoral artery, obturator artery
psoas major (iliopsoas)
Origin: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae, sides of bodies of T12-L5 vertebrae, intervening intervertebral disks
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Action: flexes hip, flexes vertebral column laterally, used to balance trunk in sitting postion, flexes trunk
Innervation: ventral rami of first lumbar nerve
Blood Supply: lumbar branches of iliolumbar artery
iliacus (iliopsoas)
Origin: superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, iliac crestm ala of sacrum, anterior sacro-iliac ligament
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur and shaft inferior to it, to psoas major tendon
Action: flexes thigh at hips and stabilizes hip joint, acts with psoas major
Innervation: femoral nerve
Blood Supply: iliac branches of iliolumbar artery
psoas minor (iliopsoas)
Origin: Bodies of T12 and L1 and intervening intervertebral discs
Insertion: Fascia over the psoas major and iliacus
Action: Flexion of thigh at hip, assists in extension of the lumbar spine
Innervation: Ventral primary rami of L1
Blood Supply: Iliolumbar artery from internal iliac artery
sartorius
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine and superior part of notch below it
Insertion: superior part of the medial surface of the tibia
Action: abducts, laterally rotates, and flexes the thigh; flexes knee joint
Innervation: femoral nerve
Blood Supply: femoral artery
rectus femoris (quadriceps femoris)
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum
Insertion: base of the patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends leg at knee joint and flexes thight at hip joint
Innervation: femoral nerve
Blood Supply: femoral artery
vastus lateralis (quadriceps femoris)
Origin: greater trochanter, lateral lip of line aspera of femur
Insertion: base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends leg at knee joint
Innervation: femoral nerve
Blood Supply: lateral circumflex femoral and profunda femoris arteries
vastus medialis (quadriceps femoris)
Origin: intertochanteric line, medial lip of linea asper of femur
Insertion: base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends leg at knee joint
Innervation: femoral nerve
Blood Supply: lateral cricumflex femoral and profunda femoris artery
vastus intermedius (quadriceps femoris)
Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur
Insertion: base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Action: extends leg at knee joint
Innervation: femoral nerve
Blood Supply: lateral cricumflex femoral and profunda femoris artery
adductor longus
Origin: body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
Insertion: middle line of linea aspera of femur
Action: adducts thigh at hip
Innervation: obturator nerve (anterior division)
Blood Supply: profunda femoris and medial circumflex arteries
adductor brevis
Origin: body and inferior pubic ramus
Insertion: pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur
Action: adducts thigh at hip, weak hip flexor
Innervation: obturator nerve
Blood Supply: profunda femoris, medial circumflex femoral, and obturator arteries
gracilis
Origin: body and inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: superior part of medial surface of tibia
Action: adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
Innervation: obturator nerve
Blood Supply: profunda femoris artery, medial circumflex femoral artery
adductor magnus
Origin: adductor part: inferior pubic ramus, ramus of ischium; hamstring part: ???
Insertion: adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line; hamstring part: adductor tubercle of femur
Action: adductor part: adducts and flexes thigh; hamstring part: extends thigh
Innervation: adductor part: obturator nerve; hamstring part: sciatic nerve (tibial division)
Blood Supply: femoral, profunda femoris, and obturator arteries
tibialis anterior
Origin: lateral condyle, proximal half of lateral tibia, interosseus membrane
Insertion: medial plantar surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Action: dorsiflexes foot at ankle inverts foot
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Blood Supply: anterior tibial artery
extensor digitorum longus
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 3/4 of anterior surface of interosseous membrane
Insertion: middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four digits
Action: extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes foot at ankle
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Blood Supply: anterior tibial artery
extensor hallucis longus
Origin: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Action: extends great toe, dorsiflexes foot at ankle
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Blood Supply: anterior tibial artery
fibularis peroneus tertius
Origin: distal third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
Action: dorsiflexes foot at ankle and aids in eversion of foot
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Blood Supply: anterior tibial artery
fibularis peroneus longus
Origin: head and proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula
Insertion: plantar base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Action: everts foot and weakly plantarflexes foot at ankle
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Blood Supply: anterior tibial and fibular arteries
fibularis peroneous brevis
Origin: distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
Insertion: dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of 5th metatarsal
Action: everts foot and weakly plantarflexes foot at ankle
Innervation: superficial fibular nerve
Blood Supply: anterior tibial and fibular arteries
gastrocnemius
Origin: lateral head:lateral aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur
medial head: popliteal surface above medial condyle of femur
Insertion: posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: plantarflexes foot at ankle joint, assists in flexion of knee joint, raises heel during walking
Innervation: tibial nerve
Blood Supply: popliteal and posterior tibial arteries
soleus
Origin: posterior aspect of head of fibula, proximal 1/4 of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line of tibia
Insertion: posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: plantarflexes foot at ankle, stabilizes leg over foot
Innervation: tibial nerve
Blood Supply: popliteal, posterior tibial, fibular arteries
plantaris
Origin: inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament
Insertion: posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Action: weakly assists gastrocnemius
Innervation: tibial nerve
Blood Supply: popliteal artery
popliteus
Origin: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus
Insertion: posterior tibia superior to soleal line
Action: weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by rotating femur on fixed tibia
Innervation: tibial nerve (L4-S1)
Blood Supply: inferior medial and lateral genicular arteries
flexor hallucis longus
Origin: distal 2/3 of posterior fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: base of distal phalanx of great toe
Action: flexes all joints of great toe, weakly plantar flexes foot at ankle
Innervation: tibial nerve
Blood Supply: fibular artery
flexor digitorum longus
Origin: medial part of posterior tibia inferior to soleal line
Insertion: plantar bases of proximal distal phalanges of lateral four digits
Action: flexes lateral four digits and plantarflexes foot at ankle, supports longitudinal arches of foot
Innervation: tibial nerve
Blood Supply: posterior tibial artery
tibialis posterior
Origin: posterior tibia below soleal line, interosseous memebrane, proximal half of posterior fibula
Insertion: tuberosity of navicular bone, all cueniforms, cuboid, and bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals
Action: plantarflexes foot at ankle, inverts foot
Innervation: tibial nerve
Blood Supply: fibular artery
abductor hallucis
Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: abducts and flexes 1st digit
Innervation: medial plantar nerve
Blood Supply: medial plantar and 1st plantar metatarsal arteries
flexor digitorum brevis
Origin: medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septum
Insertion: both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
Action: flexes 2nd-5th digits
Innervation: medial plantar nerve
Blood Supply: medial and lateral plantar arteries and plantar arch, plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
abductor digiti minimi
Origin: medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septum
Insertion: lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Action: abducts and flexes 5th digit
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply: medial-lateral plantar artery, plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries to 5th digit
quadratus plantae
Origin: medial and lateral sides of plantar surface of calcaneus
Insertion: posterolateral edge of flexor digitorum longus tendon
Action: corrects for oblique pull of flexor digitorum longus tendon, thus assists in flexion of toes
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply: medial and lateral plantar arteries, deep plantar arterial arch
lumbricals
Origin: tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: medial side of dorsal digital expansions of lateral 4 digits
Action: flexes proximal phalanges at MTP joint, extends phalanges at PIP and DIP joints
Innervation: medial one: medial plantar nerve
lateral three: lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply: lateral plantar artery and plantar metatarsal arteries
flexor hallucis brevis
Origin: plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
Insertion: both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Innervation: medial plantar nerve
Blood Supply: medial plantar artery, first plantar metatarsal artery
adductor hallucis
Origin: oblique head: bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals
transverse head: ligaments of MTP joints of digits 3-5
Insertion: lateral to side of base of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
Action: adducts 1st digit, maintains transverse arch of foot
Innervation: deep branch of lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply: medial and lateral plantar arteries, plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries
flexor digiti minimi brevis
Origin: base of 5th metatarsal
Insertion: lateral base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
Action: flexes proximal digit of 5th digit
Innervation: superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply: lateral plantar artery, plantar digital artery to 5th digit, arcuate artery
plantar interossei
Origin: bases and medial sides of 3rd-5th metatarsals
Insertion: medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of digits 3-5
Action: adduct digits (2-4), flex MTP joint, and extend phalanges
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply: lateral plantar artery, plantar arch, plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
dorsal interossei
Origin: Adjacent sides of 1st-5th metatarsals
Insertion: 1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
2nd-4th: lateral dies of digits 2-4
Action: abducts 2nd-4th toes, flex MTP joints, extend planages
Innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply: arcuate artery, dorsal and plantar metatarsal arteries
extensor digitorum brevis
Origin: superolateral surface of calcaneus, lateral talocalcaneal ligament, cruciate crural ligament
Insertion: lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum longus to digits 2-4
Action: aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending 4 medial digits at the MTP and interphalangeal joints
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Blood Supply: dorsalis pedis, lateral tarsal, arcuate, fibular arteries
extensor hallucis brevis
Origin: superolateral surface of calcaneus, lateral talocalcaneal ligament, cruciate crural ligament
Insertion: dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of first digit
Action: aids the extensor hallicus longus in extending 1st digits at the MTP
Innervation: deep fibular nerve
Blood Supply: dorsalis pedis, lateral tarsal, arcuate, fibular arteries
