Lower Limb Flashcards
0
Q
What is the insertion of the Gluteus maximus?
A
iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur
1
Q
What is the origin of Gluteus maximus?
A
ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx; and sacrotuberous ligament
2
Q
What is the innervation of Gluteus maximus?
A
inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
3
Q
What are the actions of Gluteus maximus?
A
extends hip joint between flexed and standing positions and assists in lateral rotation; steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position
4
Q
What is the origin of Gluteus medius?
A
external surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
5
Q
What is the insertion of Gluteus medius?
A
lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur
6
Q
What is the innervation of Gluteus medius?
A
superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
7
Q
What are the actions of Gluteus medius?
A
abduct and anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated
8
Q
What is the origin of Gluteus minimus?
A
external surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
9
Q
What is the insertion of Gluteus minimus?
A
anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur
10
Q
What is the innervation of Gluteus minimus?
A
superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
11
Q
What are the actions of Gluteus minimus?
A
abduct and anterior portions medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated
12
Q
What is the origin of tensor fasciae latae?
A
ASIS; anterior part of iliac crest
13
Q
What is the insertion of tensor fasciae latae?
A
iliotibial tract
14
Q
What is the innervation of tensor fasciae latae?
A
superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
15
Q
What are the actions of tensor fasciae latae?
A
flexes hip joint; acts with gluteus maximus to stabilize the extended knee joint
16
Q
What is the origin of Piriformis?
A
anterior surface of 2nd-4th sacral segments; superior margin of greater sciatic notch and sacrotuberous ligament
17
Q
What is the insertion of Piriformis?
A
superior border of greater trochanter of femur
18
Q
What is the innervation of Piriformis?
A
branches of anterior rami of S1, S2
19
Q
What are the actions of Piriformis?
A
laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum
20
Q
What is the origin of Obturator internus?
A
pelvic surface of ilium and ischium; obturator membrane
21
Q
What is the insertion of Obturator internus?
A
medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
22
Q
What is the innervation of Obturator internus?
A
nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
23
Q
What are the actions of Obturator internus?
A
laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum
24
What is the origin of Gemelli?
Superior: ischial spine
Inferior: ischial tuberosity
25
What is the insertion of the Gemelli?
medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur
26
What is the innervation of the Gemelli?
Superior: nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
Inferior: nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
27
What are the actions of the Gemelli?
laterally rotate extended hip joint; abduct flexed hip joint; steady femoral head in acetabulum
28
What is the origin of Quadratus femoris?
lateral border of ischial tuberosity
29
What is the insertion of Quadratus femoris?
quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it
30
What is the innervation of Quadratus femoris?
nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
31
What are the actions of the Quadratus femoris?
laterally rotates hip joint; also stabilizes hip joint/pelvis
32
What is the origin of Adductor longus?
body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
33
What is the insertion of Adductor longus?
middle 1/3 of linea aspera of femur
34
What is the innervation of Adductor longus?
obturator nerve (L2-L4)
35
What are the actions of Adductor longus?
adducts hip joint
36
What is the origin of Adductor brevis?
body and inferior ramus of pubis
37
What is the insertion of the Adductor brevis?
pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur
38
What is the innervation of the Adductor brevis?
obturator nerve (L2-L4)
39
What are the actions of Adductor brevis?
adducts hip joint and to some extent flexes it
40
What is the origin of Adductor magnus?
Adductor part: inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium
| Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity
41
What is the insertion of Adductor magnus?
Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
Hamstring part: adductor tubercle of femur
42
What is the innervation of Adductor magnus?
Adductor part: obturator nerve (L2-L4)
| Hamstring part: tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4)
43
What are the actions of Adductor magnus?
adducts hip joint; its adductor part also flexes hip joint, and its hamstring part extends it
44
What is the origin of Gracilis?
body and inferior ramus of pubis
45
What is the insertion of Gracilis?
superior part of medial surface of tibia
46
What is the innervation of Gracilis?
obturator nerve (L2-L3)
47
What are the actions of Gracilis?
adducts hip joint; flexes knee joint and helps rotate it medially
48
What is the origin of Obturator externus?
margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
49
What is the insertion of Obturator externus?
trochanteric fossa of femur
50
What is the innervation of Obturator externus?
obturator nerve (L3-L4)
51
What are the actions of Obturator externus?
laterally rotates hip joint; holds pelvis steady
52
What is the origin of Pectineus?
superior ramus of pubis
53
What is the insertion of Pectineus?
pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter
54
What is the innervation of the Pectineus?
femoral nerve (L2, L3); may receive branch from obturator nerve
55
What are the actions of the Pectineus?
adducts and flexes hip joint; assists with medial rotation of hip joint
56
What is the origin of Sartorius?
ASIS and superior part of notch inferior to it
57
What is the insertion of Sartorius?
superior part of medial surface of tibia
58
What is the innervation of Sartorius?
femoral nerve (L2, L3)
59
What are the actions of Sartorius?
flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates hip joint; flexes knee joint
60
What is the origin of Psoas Major?
sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
61
What is the insertion of Psoas Major?
lesser trochanter of femur
62
What is the innervation of Psoas Major?
anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1-L3)
63
What are the actions of Psoas Major?
flexes and stabilizes hip joint; helps control deviation of the trunk and is active during standing
64
What is the origin of Iliacus?
iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments
65
What is the insertion of Iliacus?
tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it
66
What is the innervation of Iliacus?
femoral nerve (L2, L3)
67
What are the actions of Iliacus?
flexes and stabilizes hip joint
68
What is the origin of Rectus femoris?
AIIS and ilium superior to acetabulum
69
What is the insertion of Rectus femoris?
commonly to quadriceps tendon and independently to base of patella; via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
70
What is the innervation of Rectus femoris?
femoral nerve (L2-L4)
71
What are the actions of Rectus femoris?
extends knee joint; stabilizes hip joint and helps iliopsoas flex hip joint
72
What is the origin of Vastus lateralis?
greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera
73
What is the insertion of Vastus lateralis?
commonly to quadriceps tendon and independently to base of patella; via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; tibia and patella via aponeuroses
74
What is the innervation of Vastus lateralis?
femoral nerve (L2-L4)
75
What are the actions of Vastus lateralis?
extends knee joint
76
What is the origin of Vastus medialis?
intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera
77
What is the insertion of Vastus medialis?
commonly to quadriceps tendon and independently to base of patella; via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; tibia and patella via aponeuroses
78
What is the innervation of Vastus medialis?
femoral nerve (L2-L4)
79
What are the actions of Vastus medialis?
extends knee joint
80
What is the origin of Vastus intermedius?
anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur
81
What is the insertion of Vastus intermedius?
commonly to quadriceps tendon and independently to base of patella; via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
82
What is the innervation of Vastus intermedius?
femoral nerve (L2-L4)
83
What are the actions of Vastus intermedius?
extends knee joint
84
What is the origin of Semitendinosus?
ischial tuberosity
85
What is the insertion of Semitendinosus?
medial surface of superior part of tibia
86
What is the innervation of Semitendinosus?
tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
87
What are the actions of Semitendinosus?
extend hip joint; flex knee joint and rotates the leg medially when knee is flexed; when hip and knee are flexed, can extend trunk
88
What is the origin of Semimembranosus?
ischial tuberosity
89
What is the insertion of Semimembranosus?
posterior part of medial condyle of tibia; reflected attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament
90
What is the innervation of Semimembranosus?
tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
91
What are the actions of Semimembranosus?
extend hip joint; flex knee joint and rotates the leg medially when knee is flexed; when hip and knee are flexed, can extend trunk
92
What is the origin of Biceps femoris?
Long head: ischial tuberosity
| Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
93
What is the insertion of Biceps femoris?
lateral side of head of fibula; tendon is split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee
94
What is the innervation of Biceps femoris?
Long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
| Short head: common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
95
What are the actions of Biceps femoris?
flexes knee joint and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed; extends hip joint
96
What is the origin of Tibialis anterior?
lateral condyle and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane
97
What is the insertion of Tibialis anterior?
medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
98
What is the innervation of Tibialis anterior?
deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
99
What are the actions of Tibialis anterior?
dorsiflexes ankle; inverts foot; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
100
What is the origin of Extensor hallucis longus?
middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
101
What is the insertion of Extensor hallucis longus?
dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe
102
What is the innervation of Extensor hallucis longus?
deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
103
What are the actions of Extensor hallucis longus?
extends great toe; dorsiflexes ankle
104
What is the origin of Extensor digitorum longus?
lateral condyle of tibia and superior 2/3 of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
105
What is the insertion of Extensor digitorum longus?
middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
106
What is the innervation of Extensor digitorum longus?
deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
107
What are the actions of Extensor digitorum longus?
extends lateral four digits; dorsiflexes ankle
108
What is the origin of Fibularis tertius?
inferior 1/3 of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
109
What is the insertion of Fibularis tertius?
dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
110
What is the innervation of Fibularis tertius?
deep fibular nerve (L5, S1)
111
What are the actions of Fibularis tertius?
dorsiflexes ankle; aids in eversion of foot
112
What is the origin of Fibularis longus?
head and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
113
What is the insertion of Fibularis longus?
base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
114
What is the innervation of Fibularis longus?
superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)
115
What are the actions of Fibularis longus?
evert foot; weakly plantarflex ankle; supports transverse arch of foot
116
What is the origin of Fibularis brevis?
middle part of lateral surface of fibula
117
What is the insertion of Fibularis brevis?
dorsal surface of tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal
118
What is the innervation of Fibularis brevis?
superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)
119
What are the actions of Fibularis brevis?
evert foot; weakly planterflex ankle
120
What is the origin of Gastrocnemius?
lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
| medial head: popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
121
What is the insertion of Gastrocnemius?
posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
122
What is the innervation of Gastrocnemius?
tibial nerve (S1, S2)
123
What are the actions of Gastrocnemius?
plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended; flexes knee joint
124
What is the origin of Soleus?
posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior 1/4 of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia
125
What is the insertion of Soleus?
posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
126
What is the innervation of Soleus?
tibial nerve (S1, S2)
127
What are the actions of Soleus?
plantarflexes ankle; steadies leg on foot
128
What is the origin of Plantaris?
inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament
129
What is the insertion of Plantaris?
posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
130
What are the actions of Plantaris?
weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexion; mainly proprioceptive
131
What is the origin of Popliteus?
lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
132
What is the insertion of Popliteus?
posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
133
What is the innervation of Popliteus?
tibial nerve (L4-S1)
134
What are the actions of Popliteus?
weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by laterally rotating femur on fixed tibia
135
What is the origin of Flexor hallucis longus?
inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane
136
What is the insertion of Flexor hallucis longus?
base of distal phalanx of great toe
137
What is the innervation of Flexor hallucis longus?
Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
138
What are the actions of Flexor hallucis longus?
flexes great toe at all joints; weakly plantarflexes ankle
139
What is the origin of Flexor digitorum longus?
medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line and by a broad tendon to fibula
140
What is the insertion of Flexor digitorum longus?
bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits
141
What is the innervation of Flexor digitorum longus?
Tibial nerve (S2, S3)
142
What are the actions of Flexor digitorum longus?
flexes lateral four digits; plantarflexes ankle
143
What is the origin of Tibialis posterior?
interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula
144
What is the insertion of Tibialis posterior?
tuberosity of navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, and bases of 2nd-4th metatarsals
145
What is the innervation of Tibialis posterior?
Tibial nerve (L4, L5)
146
What are the actions of Tibialis posterior?
plantarflexes ankle; inverts foot
147
What is the origin of Abductor hallucis?
medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, and plantar aponeurosis
148
What is the insertion of Abductor hallucis?
medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
149
What is the innervation of Abductor hallucis?
medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
150
What are the actions of Abductor hallucis?
abducts and flexes 1st digit
151
What is the origin of Flexor digitorum brevis?
medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
152
What is the insertion of Flexor digitorum brevis?
both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits
153
What is the innervation of Flexor digitorum brevis?
medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
154
What are the actions of Flexor digitorum brevis?
flexes lateral four digits
155
What is the origin of Abductor digiti minimi?
medial and lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, and intermuscular septa
156
What is the insertion of Abductor digiti minimi?
lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
157
What is the innervation of Abductor digiti minimi?
lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
158
What are the actions of Abductor digiti minimi?
abducts and flexes 5th digit
159
What is the origin of Quadratus plantae?
medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus
160
What is the insertion of Quadratus plantae?
posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus
161
What is the innervation of Quadratus plantae?
lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
162
What are the actions of Quadratus plantae?
assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
163
What is the origin of Lumbricals?
tendons of flexor digitorum longus
164
What is the insertion of Lumbricals?
medial aspects of expansion over lateral four digits
165
What is the innervation of Lumbricals?
medial one: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
| lateral three: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
166
What are the actions of Lumbricals?
flex proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
167
What is the origin of Flexor hallucis brevis?
plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform
168
What is the insertion of Flexor hallucis brevis?
both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
169
What is the innervation of Flexor hallucis brevis?
medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)
170
What are the actions of Flexor hallucis brevis?
flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit
171
What is the origin of Adductor hallucis?
Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4
| Transverse head: plantar ligaments of 3rd-5th metatarsophalangeal joints
172
What is the insertion of Adductor hallucis?
tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit
173
What is the innervation of Adductor hallucis?
deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
174
What are the actions of Adductor hallucis?
adducts 1st digit; assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot
175
What is the origin of Flexor digiti minimi brevis?
base of 5th metatarsal
176
What is the insertion of Flexor digiti minimi brevis?
base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit
177
What is the innervation of Flexor digiti minimi brevis?
superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
178
What are the actions of Flexor digiti minimi brevis?
flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion
179
What is the origin of Plantar interossei?
bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
180
What is the insertion of Plantar interossei?
medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of 3rd-5th digits
181
What is the innervation of Plantar interossei?
lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)
182
What are the actions of Plantar interossei?
adducts digits (3-5) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
183
What is the origin of Dorsal interossei?
adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5
184
What is the insertion of Dorsal interossei?
First: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
| Second to fourth: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
185
What are the actions of Dorsal interossei?
abducts digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
