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lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the superficial gluteal muscles and what movements of the hip do they control

A

Extensors - gluteus maximums
Abductors - gluteus minimus and medius

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2
Q

What nerve innervates the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus - inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus minimus and medius - superior gluteal nerve

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3
Q

Chief extensor of the hip

A

Gluteus maximus

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4
Q

Chief abductors of the hip

A

Gluteus minimus and medius

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5
Q

The inferior gluteal nerve innervates the

A

Gluteus maximus

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6
Q

The superior gluteal nerve innervates the

A

Gluteus minimus & medius

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7
Q

Name the deep gluteal muscles

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus & gemelli
Quadratus fermoris

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8
Q

What nerve is closely related to the piriformis muscle?

A

Sciatic nerve

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9
Q

What movement do the deep gluteal muscles control?

A

Lateral rotation

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10
Q

Name the 2 ligaments on the lateral aspect of the thigh that start from the gluteal region

What movements do they control?

A

Tensor fascia lata - abductor of hip

Iliotibial tract - keeps knees extended during abduction

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11
Q

Name the 3 muscles of the hamstring

A

Biceps femoris (short & long head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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12
Q

What movement does the hamstring muscles control?

A

Flexion of knee
Extension of hip joint when feet is on the ground

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13
Q

What nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve
- Tibial part
- Common peroneal (short head of biceps femoris)

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14
Q

What point of the pelvic bone does all the hamstring muscles originate from?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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15
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the anterior thigh

A
  1. Psoas major
  2. Sartorius
  3. Iliacus
  4. Quadriceps femoris:
    - Rectus femoris
    - Vastus medius
    - Vastus lateralis
    - Vastus intermedius
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16
Q

Which 3 muscles flex the hips?

A

Psoas major
Iliacus
Sartorius

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17
Q

2 muscles that laterally rotate the hips (abduction)

A

Iliacus & sartorius

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18
Q

Which muscle is the main hip stabiliser that holds the pelvic bone in place?

A

Iliacus

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19
Q

What is the primary nerve innervating the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral (L2-4) except psoas major which is supplied by anterior rami of L1-4

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20
Q

What is the main movement controlled by the quads? Name the 4 components of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

A

Quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris and vastus medialis, lateralis & intermedius

Extension of knee

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21
Q

What muscle crosses both the hip and knee joint? And hence what movements does it help to control?

A

Rectus femoris

Flexion at hip joint and extension at knee joint

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22
Q

What is the secondary function of all vastus muscles?

A

Stabilises the patella

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23
Q

Name the nerve roots of femoral nerve

A

L2-4

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24
Q

Nerve innervating the short head of the biceps femoris

A

Common peroneal nerve

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25
Name the medial thigh muscles
Gracilis Obturator externus Adductor brevis, longus, magnus
26
Nerve innervating medial thigh muscles
Obturator nerve
27
Which muscle is the main lateral rotator of the thigh?
Obturator externus
28
Name the 3+1 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg What movement do they control?
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis tertius Dorsiflexion of ankle Extension of lateral 4 toes (EDL) & big toe (EHL)
29
Chief dorsiflexor of the ankle
Tibialis anterior
30
Which muscle emerges between 2 other muscles to insert onto the big toe?
Extensor hallucis longus emerges between extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior to insert onto the big toe as it controls the extension of the big toe.
31
Which muscle's distal end branches into 4 tendons?
Extensor digitorum longus Flexor digitorum longus Both control extension and flexion of lateral 4 toes.
32
2 muscles in the lateral leg compartment and the movement they control
Fibularis longus and brevis Eversion of foot
33
Describe the posterior leg comparment
Muscles can be divided into deep and superficial Superficial: gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris Deep: Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior
34
Compare the muscles of the deep posterior leg and anterior leg
Anterior leg: Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus Deep posterior leg: Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
35
Nerve innervating posterior leg
Tibial nerve
36
Muscle that unlocks the knee by rotating the femur on tibia _
Popliteus rotates the femur on tibia LATERALLY
37
Nerve innervating lateral leg
Superficial peroneal nerve
38
Name the muscles on the 1st layer of the dorsum of foot
Extensor hallucis & digitorum longus Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi
39
Name the muscles on the 2nd layer of the dorsum of foot
Flexor hallucis brevis Adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse) Flexor digiti minimi brevis
40
Flexion of lateral 4 toes AT PIP JOINT
Flexor digitorum brevis
41
Abduction and flexion of big toe
Abductor hallucis
42
Abduction and flexion of little toe
Abductor digiti minimi
43
Abductor hallucis
Abduction and flexion of big toe
44
Abductor digiti minimi
Abduction and flexion of little toe
45
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexion of lateral 4 toes AT PIP JOINT
46
Flexor digitorum longus
Deep posterior leg Flexion of lateral 4 toes
47
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexion of big toe at MTP joint
48
Adductor hallucis
Adduction of big toe
49
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexion of little toe at MTP joint
50
Adduction of big toe
Adductor hallucis
51
Inversion of foot
Tibialis posterior
52
Eversion of foot
Fibularis longus and brevis (lateral leg muscles)
53
Nerve root of hip flexion, knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion
L1 to 3 L3 L4
54
Nerve root of hip extension, knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion
S1
55
Nerve root of ankle inversion & eversion
Invert: L4 Evert: L5,S1
56
Describe the course of the sciatic nerve
Descends inferolateral from gluteal region into posterior thigh Lies on adductor magnus and crossed posteriorly by long head of biceps femoris
57
Where should intragluteal injections be given?
Superolateral quadrant (top right) of the buttocks
58
Main artery supplying the lower limb
Femoral artery
59
** Describe the course of the femoral artery, starting from where it branches from
External iliac artery -> femoral artery which crosses posterior to inguinal ligament At the thigh level, it branches out into medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery. Enters the adductor hiatus (within the adductor magnus) into the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee -> popliteal artery. Popliteal artery -> anterior, posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery Anterior tibial artery enters the front through the interosseus membrane between the tibia and fibula. Peroneal artery supplies lateral leg. Anterior tibial artery -> dorsalis pedis artery at the dorsum of foot Posterior tibial artery -> lateral and medial plantar arteries Dorsalis pedis artery and lateral plantar artery converge to form the plantar arch.
60
Artery supplying lateral leg
Peroneal artery, branch of popliteal artery
61
Name the 3 branches of the popliteal artery
Anterior (anterior), posterior tibial artery (posterior) and peroneal artery (lateral)
62
Where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be palpated?
In between the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus
63
How does the posterior tibial artery enter the foot?
Via the tarsal tunnel
64
Describe venous drainage in the leg
Great saphenous vein drains from dorsum to just above the knee where it becomes the femoral vein which drains the thigh to inferior vena cava. Small saphenous vein drains from the sole of the foot to the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.
65
**Where can the femoral artery be palpated?
Inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
66
Name the borders of the popliteal fossa
Superomedial: Semimembranosus Superolateral: Biceps femoris Lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius
67
Contents of the popliteal fossa
Popliteal artery Popliteal vein Tibial nerve Common peroneal nerve
68
Borders of the femoral triangle
Superior: inguinal ligament Lateral: sartorius muscle Medial: adductor longus
69
Contents of the femoral triangle
Femoral NAV (nerve, artery, vein) from lateral to medial.
70
What is the vessel most lateral in the femoral triangle?
Femoral nerve
71
What is the vessel most medial in the femoral triangle?
Femoral vein
72
Name the 3 bones that make up the hip bone
Ilium (largest SA), ischium and pubis (connect with the other side via pubic symphysis)
73
Bones of the thigh and leg
Femur, tibia, fibula and patella
74
In which group of patients is the fracture of the neck of femur most common?
Females > 60 due to menopause leading to osteoporosis
75
Which bone in the leg is lateral?
Fibula
76
Which bone in the leg is medial?
Tibia
77
Which bone is the weight bearing bone and hence thicker?
Tibia
78
Name the membrane connecting the shafts of the tibia and fibula
Interosseous
79
Name the 3 types of bones of the foot
Tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges
80
Name the largest bone in the tarsus
Calcaneus (heel bone)
81
Which bone of the tarsus articulates with the leg bones?
Tarsus Inferior to tarsus is calcaneus
82
Types of tarsus bones
Calcaneus (heel bone) Talus (ankle bone) Navicular Tarsals
83
How many phalanges are there in one feet?
14 The big toe has 2 (proximal and distal). The other 4 toes have 3 each (proximal, distal and middle).
84
**What are the 5 ligaments stabilising the hip joint?
Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral Transverse acetabular Ligament of the head of femur
85
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Socket type of synovial joint
86
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge type of synovial joint
87
Name the 2 meinisci of the knee
Medial meniscus Lateral meniscus
88

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