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MSK > lower limb > Flashcards

lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Name the superficial gluteal muscles and what movements of the hip do they control

A

Extensors - gluteus maximums
Abductors - gluteus minimus and medius

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2
Q

What nerve innervates the superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus - inferior gluteal nerve
Gluteus minimus and medius - superior gluteal nerve

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3
Q

Chief extensor of the hip

A

Gluteus maximus

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4
Q

Chief abductors of the hip

A

Gluteus minimus and medius

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5
Q

The inferior gluteal nerve innervates the

A

Gluteus maximus

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6
Q

The superior gluteal nerve innervates the

A

Gluteus minimus & medius

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7
Q

Name the deep gluteal muscles

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus & gemelli
Quadratus fermoris

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8
Q

What nerve is closely related to the piriformis muscle?

A

Sciatic nerve

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9
Q

What movement do the deep gluteal muscles control?

A

Lateral rotation

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10
Q

Name the 2 ligaments on the lateral aspect of the thigh that start from the gluteal region

What movements do they control?

A

Tensor fascia lata - abductor of hip

Iliotibial tract - keeps knees extended during abduction

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11
Q

Name the 3 muscles of the hamstring

A

Biceps femoris (short & long head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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12
Q

What movement does the hamstring muscles control?

A

Flexion of knee
Extension of hip joint when feet is on the ground

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13
Q

What nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve
- Tibial part
- Common peroneal (short head of biceps femoris)

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14
Q

What point of the pelvic bone does all the hamstring muscles originate from?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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15
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the anterior thigh

A
  1. Psoas major
  2. Sartorius
  3. Iliacus
  4. Quadriceps femoris:
    - Rectus femoris
    - Vastus medius
    - Vastus lateralis
    - Vastus intermedius
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16
Q

Which 3 muscles flex the hips?

A

Psoas major
Iliacus
Sartorius

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17
Q

2 muscles that laterally rotate the hips (abduction)

A

Iliacus & sartorius

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18
Q

Which muscle is the main hip stabiliser that holds the pelvic bone in place?

A

Iliacus

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19
Q

What is the primary nerve innervating the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral (L2-4) except psoas major which is supplied by anterior rami of L1-4

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20
Q

What is the main movement controlled by the quads? Name the 4 components of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

A

Quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris and vastus medialis, lateralis & intermedius

Extension of knee

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21
Q

What muscle crosses both the hip and knee joint? And hence what movements does it help to control?

A

Rectus femoris

Flexion at hip joint and extension at knee joint

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22
Q

What is the secondary function of all vastus muscles?

A

Stabilises the patella

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23
Q

Name the nerve roots of femoral nerve

A

L2-4

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24
Q

Nerve innervating the short head of the biceps femoris

A

Common peroneal nerve

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25
Q

Name the medial thigh muscles

A

Gracilis
Obturator externus
Adductor brevis, longus, magnus

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26
Q

Nerve innervating medial thigh muscles

A

Obturator nerve

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27
Q

Which muscle is the main lateral rotator of the thigh?

A

Obturator externus

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28
Q

Name the 3+1 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

What movement do they control?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius

Dorsiflexion of ankle
Extension of lateral 4 toes (EDL) & big toe (EHL)

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29
Q

Chief dorsiflexor of the ankle

A

Tibialis anterior

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30
Q

Which muscle emerges between 2 other muscles to insert onto the big toe?

A

Extensor hallucis longus emerges between extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior to insert onto the big toe as it controls the extension of the big toe.

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31
Q

Which muscle’s distal end branches into 4 tendons?

A

Extensor digitorum longus
Flexor digitorum longus

Both control extension and flexion of lateral 4 toes.

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32
Q

2 muscles in the lateral leg compartment and the movement they control

A

Fibularis longus and brevis

Eversion of foot

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33
Q

Describe the posterior leg comparment

A

Muscles can be divided into deep and superficial

Superficial: gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris
Deep: Popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

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34
Q

Compare the muscles of the deep posterior leg and anterior leg

A

Anterior leg:
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus

Deep posterior leg:
Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus

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35
Q

Nerve innervating posterior leg

A

Tibial nerve

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36
Q

Muscle that unlocks the knee by rotating the femur on tibia _

A

Popliteus rotates the femur on tibia LATERALLY

37
Q

Nerve innervating lateral leg

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

38
Q

Name the muscles on the 1st layer of the dorsum of foot

A

Extensor hallucis & digitorum longus
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi

39
Q

Name the muscles on the 2nd layer of the dorsum of foot

A

Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis (oblique and transverse)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

40
Q

Flexion of lateral 4 toes AT PIP JOINT

A

Flexor digitorum brevis

41
Q

Abduction and flexion of big toe

A

Abductor hallucis

42
Q

Abduction and flexion of little toe

A

Abductor digiti minimi

43
Q

Abductor hallucis

A

Abduction and flexion of big toe

44
Q

Abductor digiti minimi

A

Abduction and flexion of little toe

45
Q

Flexor digitorum brevis

A

Flexion of lateral 4 toes AT PIP JOINT

46
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Deep posterior leg
Flexion of lateral 4 toes

47
Q

Flexor hallucis brevis

A

Flexion of big toe at MTP joint

48
Q

Adductor hallucis

A

Adduction of big toe

49
Q

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

Flexion of little toe at MTP joint

50
Q

Adduction of big toe

A

Adductor hallucis

51
Q

Inversion of foot

A

Tibialis posterior

52
Q

Eversion of foot

A

Fibularis longus and brevis (lateral leg muscles)

53
Q

Nerve root of hip flexion, knee extension and ankle dorsiflexion

A

L1 to 3
L3
L4

54
Q

Nerve root of hip extension, knee flexion and ankle plantar flexion

A

S1

55
Q

Nerve root of ankle inversion & eversion

A

Invert: L4
Evert: L5,S1

56
Q

Describe the course of the sciatic nerve

A

Descends inferolateral from gluteal region into posterior thigh

Lies on adductor magnus and crossed posteriorly by long head of biceps femoris

57
Q

Where should intragluteal injections be given?

A

Superolateral quadrant (top right) of the buttocks

58
Q

Main artery supplying the lower limb

A

Femoral artery

59
Q

** Describe the course of the femoral artery, starting from where it branches from

A

External iliac artery -> femoral artery which crosses posterior to inguinal ligament

At the thigh level, it branches out into medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery.

Enters the adductor hiatus (within the adductor magnus) into the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee -> popliteal artery.

Popliteal artery -> anterior, posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery

Anterior tibial artery enters the front through the interosseus membrane between the tibia and fibula.

Peroneal artery supplies lateral leg.

Anterior tibial artery -> dorsalis pedis artery at the dorsum of foot

Posterior tibial artery -> lateral and medial plantar arteries

Dorsalis pedis artery and lateral plantar artery converge to form the plantar arch.

60
Q

Artery supplying lateral leg

A

Peroneal artery, branch of popliteal artery

61
Q

Name the 3 branches of the popliteal artery

A

Anterior (anterior), posterior tibial artery (posterior) and peroneal artery (lateral)

62
Q

Where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be palpated?

A

In between the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus

63
Q

How does the posterior tibial artery enter the foot?

A

Via the tarsal tunnel

64
Q

Describe venous drainage in the leg

A

Great saphenous vein drains from dorsum to just above the knee where it becomes the femoral vein which drains the thigh to inferior vena cava.

Small saphenous vein drains from the sole of the foot to the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa.

65
Q

**Where can the femoral artery be palpated?

A

Inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

66
Q

Name the borders of the popliteal fossa

A

Superomedial: Semimembranosus
Superolateral: Biceps femoris
Lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius

67
Q

Contents of the popliteal fossa

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve

68
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle

A

Superior: inguinal ligament
Lateral: sartorius muscle
Medial: adductor longus

69
Q

Contents of the femoral triangle

A

Femoral NAV (nerve, artery, vein) from lateral to medial.

70
Q

What is the vessel most lateral in the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve

71
Q

What is the vessel most medial in the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral vein

72
Q

Name the 3 bones that make up the hip bone

A

Ilium (largest SA), ischium and pubis (connect with the other side via pubic symphysis)

73
Q

Bones of the thigh and leg

A

Femur, tibia, fibula and patella

74
Q

In which group of patients is the fracture of the neck of femur most common?

A

Females > 60 due to menopause leading to osteoporosis

75
Q

Which bone in the leg is lateral?

A

Fibula

76
Q

Which bone in the leg is medial?

A

Tibia

77
Q

Which bone is the weight bearing bone and hence thicker?

A

Tibia

78
Q

Name the membrane connecting the shafts of the tibia and fibula

A

Interosseous

79
Q

Name the 3 types of bones of the foot

A

Tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges

80
Q

Name the largest bone in the tarsus

A

Calcaneus (heel bone)

81
Q

Which bone of the tarsus articulates with the leg bones?

A

Tarsus
Inferior to tarsus is calcaneus

82
Q

Types of tarsus bones

A

Calcaneus (heel bone)
Talus (ankle bone)
Navicular
Tarsals

83
Q

How many phalanges are there in one feet?

A

14

The big toe has 2 (proximal and distal).
The other 4 toes have 3 each (proximal, distal and middle).

84
Q

**What are the 5 ligaments stabilising the hip joint?

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Transverse acetabular
Ligament of the head of femur

85
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Socket type of synovial joint

86
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Hinge type of synovial joint

87
Q

Name the 2 meinisci of the knee

A

Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus

88
Q
A

MSK (4 decks)

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