Lower limb Flashcards
What attaches to where on the ischial tuberosity?
Upper:
Medial = Semitendinosus + long head of biceps femoris Lateral = Semimembranosus
Lower:
Lateral = adductor magnus
Medial = fascia and connective tissue
What attaches to ischiopubic ramus?
Muscles of medial thigh = adductors
Adductor longus, brevis and magnus
Pectineus
Gracillis
What forms the greater sciatic foramen?
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament
Contents of greater sciatic foramen?
Nerves = sciatic, pudendal, inferior and superior gluteal, nerve to obturator internus, quadratus femoris and gemellus and posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Vessels = inferior and superior gluteal nerves, internal pudendal vessels
Of the contents of the greater sciatic foramen, which pass above the piriformis?
Superior gluteal vessels and nerve
Which structures pass through both lesser and greater sciatic foramen?
Internal pudendal vessels and nerves
Contents of lesser sciatic foramen?
Nerve to obturator internus
Internal pudendal vessels and nerve
Tendon of obturator internus
Contents of lesser sciatic foramen medial to lateral?
PIN
Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal vessels
Nerve to obturator internus
+ tendon to obturator internus
What passes through the gap between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic bone?
Muscles = pectineus, psoas major and illiacus
Femoral nerve, artery and vein
Femoral branch of GF
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Lymphatics
How do we divide the gluteal region muscles?
Superficial larger group = gluteals
Deep lateral hip rotators = Piriformis, gemellus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris
Attachment of the three gluteal muscles?
Maximus = gluteal tuberosity of femur and IT tract Medius = lateral greater trochanter Minimus = anterior greater trochanter
deep muscles of the gluteal region?
All their action is laterally rotate hip and abduct flexed hip
Piriformis
Origin = anterior sacrum
Insertion = Greater trochanter
Nerve = S1, S2
Obturator internus
Origin = obturator foramen
Insertion = Medial greater trochanter / trochanteric fossa
Nerve to obturator internus
Gemellus superior
Origin = ischial spine
Insertion = superior surface of obturator tendon, medial greater trochanter
Nerve to obturator internus
Gemellus inferior
Origin = ischial tuberosity
Insertion = inferior obturator tendon + medial greater trochanter
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Quadratus femoris
Origin = Anterior to ischial tuberosity
Insertion = Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest
Nerve to quadratus femoris
Superficial muscles of the gluteal region?
Gluteus minimus = abducts femur, prevents pelvic drop
Origin = external ilium between inferior and anterior gluteal lines
Insertion = anterior greater trochanter
Superior gluteal nerve
Gluteus medius = as above
Origin = external ilium, between anterior and posterior lines
Insertion = lateral greater trochanter
Superior gluteal nerve
gluteus maximus = Powerful extensor of flexed hip
Origin = Fascia covering gluteus minimus + external ilium behind posterior gluteal line
Insertion = IT band and gluteal tuberosity of proximal femur
Inferior gluteal nerve
Superior nerve vs gluteal nerve supply?
Superior = medius, minimus and tensor fascia latae
Inferior = Maximus
Which hip replacement approach injures which nerve?
Posterior approach = sciatic nerve
Anterolateral approach = superior gluteal = trendelenberg gait due to loss of adductors
Which arteries do the superior gluteal and inferior gluteal arise from?
Inferior gluteal = anterior trunk of internal iliac
Superior gluteal = posterior trunk of internal iliac
Where does the ligament of head of femur run, what does it contain and significance in children?
Also called ligament of Teres
Attaches at one end to the fovea of femur, other end attaches too acetabular fossa
Contains branch of obturator artery
In children = contains arterial supply to femoral head
3 extracapsular ligament of the hip joint?
Iliofemoral = anterior hip joint
- runs from ilium to intertrochanteric line of femur
Pubofemoral = runs from iliopubic eminence to blend with deep surface of iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral = posterior hip joint
- runs from medial ischium to greater trochanter, deep to iliofemoral
Where does the fascia lata have its one opening and what passes through?
Saphenous opening for great saphenous vein
Opening is just inferior to medial inguinal ligament
What bone does the femur articulate with inferiorly?
Tibia
What angle does the NOF meet the head?
125
What is the site of attachment for iliofemoral ligament?
What else inserts here?
Intertrochanteric crest medially
Quadratus femoris (on quadrate tubercle)
Which muscles attach to greater trochanter?
Gluteus medius and minimus + vastus lateralis
POGO: Piriformis Obturator internus Gemellus Obturator externus
What muscles attach to lesser trochanter?
Psoas major and illiacus
What muscles attach to upper middle part of linea aspera?
Thigh adductors and vastus muscles
Where do the two heads of the gastrocnemius insert?
Popliteus?
Medial head = roughened area above medial epicondyle on femur
Lateral head = facet above lateral epicondyle
Popliteus is just below this
Blood supply to femoral heaD?
Ring formed by medial and lateral femoral circumflex arteries = branch of profounda femoris
Also some small branches from inferior and superior gluteal arteries
In what position does the patellofemoral provide stability?
Full extension
4 ligaments of the knee joint?
MCL = from medial femoral epicondyle to medial tibial epicondyle
- prevents valgus instability
LCL = lateral femoral epicondyle to fibula head = prevents vagus instability
ACL = anterior tibia to lateral intercondylar notch of the femur = prevents tibia sliding anteriorly
PCL = posterior tibia to medial intercondylar notch of femur = Prevents tibia sliding posteriorly
Which ligament does the medial and lateral menisci attach to?
Medial attaches to tibial collateral ligament
Lateral attaches to loose fibres at edge of joint space > doesn’t actually attach to fibular collateral ligament
What ligament interconnects the menisci ?
Anteriorly it is the transverse ligament
Describe the superior surface of tibia?
2 condyles
Separated by intercondylar region = facets for attachment of ACL PCL and menisci
Semimembranosus origin and insertion?
Ischial tuberosity to medial condyle of tibia
What is the continuation of the quadriceps tendon, where does it attach?
Quadriceps tendon continues as patellar tendon
This inserts onto the tibial tuberosity
What attaches to the roughened area below tibial tuberosity?
Combined muscles of gracilis, sartorius and semitendinosus = pes anserinus
ACL injury - mechanism, symptoms and Mx?
High twisting force on bent knee
Loud crack, pain + immediate swelling
Mx = intense physio + surgery
PCL injury - mechanism?
Hyperextension injury
MCL injury - mechanism?
Leg forced into valgus
Meniscal tear - symptoms and mechanism?
Rotational injury
DELAYED knee swelling, joint locking, recurrent effusions and pain
Chondromalacia patellae - mechanism and symptoms?
teenage girls following a knee injury
Pain going down stairs, tenderness + quads wasting
Patellar dislocation - Mechanism, RF’s, imaging?
traumatic primary event.
RF’s = Genu valgum, tibial torsion, high riding patella
needs skyline radiographs
Boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Lateral = biceps femoris above, plantaris and lateral head of gastrocnemius below
Medial = Semimembranosus/tendinosus above, medial head of gastrocnemius below
Roof = superficial fascia
Floor = Popliteal muscle. and popliteal surface of femur, posterior ligament of knee joint,
Contents medial to lateral of popliteal fossa?
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Small saphenous vein
Tibial and common peroneal nerve
- tibial exits medially deep to margin of plantaris
- common peroneal exits following biceps femoris tendon where it wraps around neck of fibula.
Popliteal fossa - deepest and most superficial structure
Deepest = popliteal artery
Most superficial = tibial and common peroneal nerve
Where does femoral artery become popliteal?
When it passes through adductor hiatus in adductor magnus
What divides up the compartments of the leg?
Interosseous membrane, two inter muscular septa between fibula and deep fascia + direct attachment of deep fascia to periosteum of tibia
What are the different compartments of the lower leg?
Anterior = dorsiflexes, extends toe, inverts foot
Posterior compartment = plantar flexes, flexes toe, inverts foot
Lateral compartment = everts foot
Facets and fossa on lateral malleolus?
Facet for articulation with talus
Posteroinferior to this = fossa for attachment of talofibular ligament
Groove posteriorly for tendons of fibularis longus and brevis
How many apertures does the interosseous membrane have?
2 - one at top one at bottom.
Upper has anterior tibial artery
Lower has anterior peroneal artery
Femoral nerve - root, innervation and course
L2/3/4
Penetrates psoas major - supplies branches to pectineus and iliacus in its abdominal part.
Enters thigh by passing below inguinal ligament and enters femoral triangle.
Branches immediately into anterior and posterior division
Posterior = sartorius and medial/intermediate cutaneous branches
Anterior = quadriceps femoris and saphenous nerve.
Terminal cutaneous branch is saphenous nerve which travels in adductor canal.
Supply: (don't) MIS VQ Scan for PE Medial cutaneous nerve Intermediate cutaneous nerve Saphenous nerve Quadriceps femoris Sartorius Pectineus
Does the saphenous nerve exit the adductor hiatus with femoral nerve?
NO
It pierces directly through connective tissue at the end of the canal
Lateral cutaneous nerve - root and course?
L2/L3
Exits lateral part of psoas major anterior to iliac crest, passes under inguinal ligament at lateral part of it just medial to ASIS
Pierces fascia lata just below ASIS to give 2 branches
What are the 2 branches of the lateral cutaneous nerve and what do they supply?
Anterior branch = skin and fascia of anterolateral knee
Smaller posterior branch = skin from greater trochanter to distal thigh
Pudendal nerve - roots and path and action?
S234
Passes through greater sciatic foramen, then enters perineum passing via lesser sciatic foramen
Passes between piriformis and coccygeal.
Medial to sciatic nerve
Innervates anal sphincter and external urethral sphincter
Cutaneous = surrounding anus and vulva
Pudendal nerve clinically - anaesthesia and late pregnancy affects?
Can be blocked in episiotomy
In late pregnancy foetus can compress = pudendal neuropathy= faecal incontinence
3 branches of the pudendal nerve?
rectal, perineal and dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
Genitofemoral nerve - roots, course and supply?
L2/3
Passes obliquely through psoas, emerges at medial border and travels on its anterior surface
Divides into genital and femoral branches
Genital travels in inguinal canal within spermatic cord.
Femoral inters thigh posterior to inguinal ligament
Genital = skin of scrota and fascia Femoral = skin over femoral triangle
How can the genitofemoral nerve be injured?
Abdominal surgery / inguinal hernia repair
Obturator nerve - roots and path?
L2/3/4
Travels inferiorly in posterior of psoas major, before exiting at medial part
Passes anterior to sacroiliac joint
Descends on obturator internus into obturator groove
In lesser pelvis lies lateral to internal iliacs and ureter
Enters thigh to give anterior and posterior branches