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Gastro-intestinal Tract > Lower GI Tract > Flashcards

Lower GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A

Receives chyme from the stomach, performs majority of digestion and absorbs nutrients

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2
Q

What three body parts make up the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum/lleuym, plicae circulares

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3
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The upper region of the small intestine receives chyme/digestive enzymes/bile

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4
Q

What is the jejunum/lleum?

A

Lower region of small intestine where absorption occurs

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5
Q

What is the plicae circlares?

A

Permanent folds in the mucosa/submucosa which slows movement of chyme

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6
Q

What are villi?

A

Fingerlike projections that increase SA of the small intestine

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7
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Tiny projections on the plasma membranes of columnar cells (look fuzzy0

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8
Q

Functions of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorption of water/electrolytes
Production/absorption of vit B and K
Elimination of feaces

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9
Q

Teniae coli?

A

Bands of smooth muscle creating pocket-like sacs (haustra) in the large intestine

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10
Q

Caecum?

A

The sac like connection between the small and large intestines

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11
Q

Appendix?

A

Small structure containing lymphoid tissue

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12
Q

What four types of colon are there?

A

Ascending
Descending
Transverse
Sigmoid

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13
Q

What is the rectum for?

A

Temporary storage of food residues
Expandable structure
rectal valves slow movement

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14
Q

What is the anus for?

A

Regulates defecation

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15
Q

Where is the anorectal canal located?

A

Begins where the rectum penetrates the levator ani muscle

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16
Q

What are the two sphincters which control movement of faeces?

A

The internal sphincter (involuntary) and external (voluntary)

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17
Q

What are the 4 secretions of the small intestine?

A

Secretin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, brush border enzymes

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18
Q

What is secretin?

A

Released by the enteroendocrine cells when acidic chyme enters the small intestine

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19
Q

What is somatostatin?

A

It is secreted by the small intestine and it slows gastric

20
Q

What is gastric motility?

A

The movement of food through the digestive tract by rhythmic contractions

21
Q

What is cholecystokinin?

A

A hormone released when chyme enters the SI - causes the release of pancreatic juices and bile

22
Q

What do brush border enzymes do?

A

They process long peptides/nucleic acids/sugars intro smaller ones

23
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract made up of?

A

The mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa

24
Q

What is the purpose of the mucosa layer of the GI tract?

A

Secretes hormones/mucus, absorbs end products of digestion and protects against infection

25
Q

What is the purpose of the submucosa layer of the GI tract?

A

It contains lymphoid follicles and elastic tissue

26
Q

What is the purpose of the muscularis externa layer of the GI tract?

A

Contains inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of this both control peristalsis

27
Q

What is the serosa?

A

The outer layer of the GI tract surrounded by a serous membrane - also known as visceral peritoneum

28
Q

What do goblet cells in the crypts do?

A

Makes surface slippery, protects lining, lubricates faeces

29
Q

What tissue type primarily makes up the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium, except in the anal canal

30
Q

What tissue type is present in the anal canal?

A

Stratified squamos

31
Q

What do goblet cells do in the anal canal?

A

Lubrication of feces

32
Q

What is the Teniae Coli?

A

Bands of smooth muscle that create pocket like sacs (In the LI)

33
Q

What is the Caecum??

A

Sac like connection between the small and large intestines

34
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Small structure on the bottom end of the ascending colon on the LI - containing lymphoid tissue (small immune function)

35
Q

What four sections make up the colon in the LI?

A

Ascending, Descending, Transvers and Sigmoid Colon.

36
Q

Where are each of the four sections of the colon in order in the LI?

A

Ascending colon- First section (going upwards)
Transverse colon - Second section (sideways along the top)
Descending colon - Third section (going downwards)
Sigmoid colon - Last section (closet to rectum and anus)

37
Q

What is the hepatic flexure?

A

The right colic - separates the ascending and transverse colon

38
Q

What is the splenic flexure?

A

The left colic - separates the transverse and the descending colon

39
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Temporary storage of faecal matter

40
Q

What are three functions of the large intestine?

A

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
Production and absorption of vitamins B and K
Elimination of faeces

41
Q

What is the anorectal canal?

A

It begins where the rectum penetrates the levator ani muscle

42
Q

What is the structure of the anorectal canal?

A

Has longitudinal folds (rectal columns)

It has two sphincters which control the movement of faeces out of the body

43
Q

In the anorectal canal, what is muscle makes up the internal and external sphincter?

A

Internal sphincter - smooth muscle (involuntary)

External sphincter - Skeletal muscle (voluntary)

44
Q

What is the main difference between infancy/childhood defecation compared to adulthood defecation?

A

It is an involuntary act when younger which through learned behaviour becomes a voluntary act

45
Q

What is the defecation reflex initiated by?

A

Through mass movements and stretching of rectal wall

Gastro-intestinal Tract (2 decks)

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