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Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

Why are the IP joint spaces not best shown on an AP projection of the toes?

A

Because of the natural curve of the toes

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2
Q

AP Axial Projection of the toes is recommended to

A

Open the joint spaces and reduce foreshortening

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3
Q

AP Axial Projection of Toes CR

A

Direct the central ray 15 degrees posteriorly through the third MTP joint

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4
Q

AP Oblique Projection (Medial Rotation) of Toes + CR

A

Medially rotate leg and adjust plantar surface of the foot to form a 30-45 degree angle

CR perpendicular entering third MTP joint

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5
Q

Lateral Projection (Great Toe)

A

Lateral recumbent position. Place patient on unaffected side and rotate foot until toe is in true lateral position (mediolateral)

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6
Q

AP or AP Axial Projection angle (Foot) + CR

A

Angle of 10 degrees posteriorly (toward heel) entering at the base of the 3rd metatarsal OR perpendicular to the IR

CR perpendicular to the metatarsals, reducing foreshortening

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7
Q

For Foot, what Projection is best to see the TMT joints?

A

AP or AP Axial

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8
Q

What is the AP/AP Axial Projection used for (Foot)

A

Localizing foreign bodies, fractures of the metatarsals and anterior tarsals

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9
Q

AP Oblique Projection (Medial Rotation) Foot

A

Center IR to midline of the foot at the level of the 3rd metatarsal. Rotate medially at an angle of 30 degrees. If rotated more, the lateral cuneiform will superimpose the others.

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10
Q

Which projection of the foot best demonstrates the cuboid and its articulations?

A

AP oblique (medial rotation)

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11
Q

How should the central ray be directed to best demonstrate the tarsometatarsal joint spaces of the midfoot for the AP projection of the foot?

A

10 degrees posteriorly (toward the heel)

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12
Q

Which projection of the foot best demonstrates the sinus tarsi?

A

AP oblique projection (medial rotation)

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13
Q

Which projection of the foot best demonstrates most of the tarsals with the least amount of superimposition

A

AP oblique projection (medial rotation)

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14
Q

Which projection of the foot best demonstrates the bases of the fourth and fifth metatarsals free from superimposition

A

AP oblique projection (medial rotation)

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15
Q

Which two projections comprise the typical series that best demonstrates the calcaneus

A

Axial (plantodorsal) and lateral projections

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16
Q

How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the axial (plantodorsal) projection of the calcaneus

A

40 degrees cephalad

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17
Q

At which level on the plantar surface should the central ray enter the foot for the axial (plantodorsal projection of the calcaneus

A

Base of the third metatarsal

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18
Q

Where should the central ray be directed for the lateral projectio of the calcaneus

A

Toward the midpoint of the calcaneus

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19
Q

Where should the central ray enter for the lateral projections of the ankle

A

At the medial malleolus

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20
Q

How many degrees and in which direction should the foot and leg be rotated to best demonstrate the mortise joit for the AP oblique projection of the ankle

A

15 to 20 degrees medially

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21
Q

Which projection of the anke best demonstrates the talofibular joint space free from bony superimposition

A

AP oblique projection (medial rotation

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22
Q

With reference to the plane of the IR, how should the malleoli be positioned for the AP oblique projection of the ankle to best demonstrate the mortise joint space open

A

Parallel

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23
Q

Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femorotibial joint spaces open if teh patient measures more than 10 inces between the ASIS and the tabletop

A

AP projection with the central ray angled 3 to 5 degrees cephalad

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24
Q

For the lateral projection of the knee, how many degrees should the knees be flexed

A

20 to 30 degrees

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25
Q

How many degrees of angulation should be formed between the femur and the radiographic table for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method) of the knee

A

70 degrees

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26
Q

Which of the following projections of the knee best demonstrates the intercondylar fossa

A

PA axial projection (Holmblad method

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27
Q

How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the knee

A

5 to 7 degrees cephalad

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28
Q

Which structure of the knee is best demonstrated with the tangential projection

A

Patella

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29
Q

Which structure of the knee is best demonstrated with the PA axial projection (the Holmblad method)

A

Femoral intercondylar fossa

30
Q

Which projection of the knee best demonstrates the femoropatellar space open

31
Q

Which of the following evaluation criteria indicates that the knee is properly positioned for a lateral projection

A

The femoral condyles are superimposed

32
Q

What should be done to prevent the knee joint space from being obscured by the magnified shadow of the medial femoral condyle when the lateral projection of the knee is performed

A

Direct the CR 5 to 7 degrees cephalad

33
Q

For the lateral projection of the patella, which positioning maneuver reduces the femorpatellar joint space

A

Flexing the knee more than 10 degrees

34
Q

Which area of the knee should the central ray enter for the PA axial projection (Holmblad method)?

35
Q

Which projection of the knee should be used to demonstrate the patella completely superimposed on the femur

36
Q

For which projection of the knee should the patient be prone on the table, with the knee flexed until the leg forms an angle of 40 degrees with the table, and the CR directed perpendicular to the long axis of the leg, entering the back side of the knee

A

PA axial projection (Camp-Coventry method

37
Q

Which projection of the knee can be accomplishedwith the patient upright, the affected knee flexed and its anterior surface in contactwith a vertically placed IR, and the horizontally directed central ray entering the posterior aspect of the knee

A

PA axial projection (Holmblad method

38
Q

Which positioning factor determines the number of degrees the central ray should be angled for the tangential proejction (Settegast method) to demonstrate the patella

A

Degree of knee flexion

39
Q

How should the CR be directed for the AP projections of the femur

A

Perpendicular

40
Q

Which positioning maneuver should be performed to place the femoral neck in profile for the AP projection of the proximal femur

A

Rotate the lower limb medially 10 to 15 degrees

41
Q

For which lower limb projection should the lower limb be rotated medially 10 to 15 degrees

A

AP projection of the proximal femur

42
Q

For which lower limb projection should the pelvis be rotated 10 to 15 degrees from true lateral

A

Lateral projection of the proximal femur

43
Q

For the lateral projection of the femur, how should the pelvis be positioned to demonstrate only the knee joint with the distal femoral shaft

A

True Lateral

44
Q

How many and what kind of bones comprise the foot and ankle?

A

14 phalanges, 5 metatarsals and 7 tarsals

45
Q

Which bone classification are tarsals

46
Q

Which tarsal bone is located on the medial side of the foot between the talus and three cuneiforms

47
Q

Which articulation of the foot is a gliding-type joint

A

Intertarsal

48
Q

Which two tarsal bones articulate with each other by way of three facets

A

Talus and calcaneus

49
Q

Which part of the talus articulates with the distal tibia

50
Q

Which type of joint is the ankle joint

51
Q

WHich joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the fibula with the lateral condyle of the tibia

A

Proximal tibiofibular

52
Q

WHich type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint

53
Q

How and toward what centering poit should the central ray be directed forthe AP oblique projection to demonstrate all five toes

A

Perpendicular to the 3rd metatarsophalangeal joint

54
Q

What other projection term refers to the AP projection of the foot

A

Dorsoplantar

55
Q

How many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblique projection to best demonstrate the great toe

56
Q

How many degrees and in what direction should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the foot

A

10 degrees cephalad (towards the head)

57
Q

How many degrees and in what direction should the foot be rotated for the AP oblique projection for the foot?

A

30 degrees medially

58
Q

This is the second longest bone in the body and is situated on the medial side of the leg; it is also a weight-bearing bone

59
Q

Avulsion fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal

A

Jones Fracture

60
Q

For the lateral projection of the foot, dorsiflex the foot to form a _____ degree angle with the lower leg

61
Q

What does the lateral projection, weight-bearing method show

A

It shows the structural status of the longitudinal arch

62
Q

limb is rotated externally 45-degrees; demonstrates the margin of the patella projected slightly beyond the edge of the lateral femoral condyle

A

AP Oblique Projection (lateral rotation) of the Knee

63
Q

What does the weight-bearing AP Projection that is routinely included in the radiographic examination show

A

Arthritic Knees, reveals narrowing of the joint space that appears normal on a non-weight-bearing study

64
Q

What does the Holmblad method show

A

Shows the intercondylar fossa

65
Q

What is the flexion of the knee in the PA axial projection (Holmblad Method

A

70 degrees from full extension (20-degree difference from the central ray

66
Q

What projection should not be attempted until a transverse fracture of the patella has been ruled out

A

Settagast (sunrise)

67
Q

Inferiosuperior flexion and Cr angle knee to see patella and patellofemoral joint

A

CR 10-15 degrees and knees flexed 40-45

68
Q

Settagast (sunrise) CR and flexion of knees

A

CR 15-20 and knees flexed 90

69
Q

Hughston method knee Cr and flexion

A

Cr 15-20 and knee flexed 40

70
Q

Rosenberg Method (pa Axial weight bearing knee bilateral)

A

Knees flexed 45 degrees CR 30

Positioning (3 decks)

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