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ANATOMY LOWER EXTREMITY > LOWER EXTREMITY > Flashcards

LOWER EXTREMITY Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

The pelvis, sacrum, and two hip bones
- connects the vertebral column to the two femur bones

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2
Q

Function of the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. Transfers weight from the axial skeleton to the lower body for walking and standing
  2. assist with compression and other forces
  3. protects pelvic organs
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3
Q

Main bones of the pelvis
bony landmarks?

A

Ilium, Ischium, pubis

  • ASIS/PSIS
  • iliac crest
  • iliac fossa
  • ischial tuberosity
  • greater sciatic notch
  • lesser sciatic notch
  • greater sciatic foramen
  • obturator foramen
  • acetabulum
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4
Q

Joints of the pelvis

A
  1. sacroiliac joint
  2. pubic symphysis
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5
Q

joints of the pelvic girdle

A
  1. lumbosacral joint
  2. sacrococcygeal joints
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6
Q

sacroiliac joint movements and function

A

movements- gliding and slight rotational movements
function- transmits weight from upper body to lower body

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7
Q

ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

A

anterior and posterior ligaments, interosseous ligaments, and sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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8
Q

what is the pubic symphysis?

A

formed by two pubic bones, there is an interpubic disc

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9
Q

ligaments of pubic symphysis

A

superior pubic ligament and inferior pubic ligament

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10
Q

bony landmarks of the pubic symphysis

A

superior pubic ramus and inferior pubic ramus

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11
Q

lumbosacral joints and ligament

A

intervertebral joint- connecting L5 to the sacrum, facet joints, and the iliolumbar ligament connects the transverse processes to the ilium

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12
Q

Femur and landmarks

A

long bone of the thigh

  • head of femur
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
  • neck
  • shaft
  • linear aspera
  • medial and lateral condycle
  • popliteal surface
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13
Q

what makes up the hip joint

A

head of femur and acetabulum

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14
Q

ligaments of hip joint

A

iliofemoral- anterior and superior to prevent hyperextension
pubofemoral- inferior and anterior to resist excessive abduction of the hip
ischiofemoral- posterior to prevent internal rotation and adduction

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15
Q

Movements of the hip joint

A

flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
internal/external rotation

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16
Q

blood supply of the upper leg

A

begins at the pelvis- common iliac artery-external iliac artery
anterior aspect of thigh- femoral artery
surrounding head and trochanters- circumflex arteries

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17
Q

main action of the anterior thigh muscles

A

hip flexion

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18
Q

anterior thigh muscles are made up of

A

the pectineus, sartorius, and iliopsoas

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19
Q

what nerve are the anterior thigh muscles innervated by?

A

femoral nerve

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20
Q

what are the quads made up of?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

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21
Q

where do the quads insert?

A

base of patella and tibial tuberosity

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22
Q

what is the job of the quads? what can the rectus femoris do?

A

extend the knee; can also flex hip

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23
Q

what nerve is the quads innervated by?

A

femoral nerve

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24
Q

the medial thigh muscles are made up of these 5 muscles

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

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25
what nerve is the medial thigh muscles innervated by?
obturator nerve
26
what do most of the medial thigh muscles do? what does the obturator externus do?
adduct the hip joint; externally rotate hip
27
what structures make up the femoral triangle?
sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament
28
what contents are inside the femoral triangle?
femoral nerve, artery, vein, lymphatics
29
What are the walls of the adductor canal
medial- sartorius posterior- adductor longus + adductor magnus anterior- vastus medialis
30
the gluteal region is bordered by which structures
superior iliac crest, greater trochanter, PSIS, inferior gluteal fold
31
which ligaments form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen
sacrotuberous, sacrospinous
32
greater sciatic foramen is an opening for
structures entering and leaving the pelvis
33
lesser sciatic foramen is an opening for
structures entering and leaving the perineum
34
what are the superficial gluteal muscles
gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia late
35
gluteus maximus
origin- ilium, sacrum, coccyx, + sacrotuberous ligament insertion- IT band nerve- inferior gluteal action- extends and externally rotates hip
36
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
origin- ilium insertion- greater trochanter nerve- superior gluteal action- abducts and internally rotates hip
37
tensor fasciae lata
origin- ASIS insertion- IT band nerve- superior gluteal action- flexes hip joint
38
what are the deep gluteal muscles
piriformis superior and inferior gemelli obturator internus quadratus femoris
39
what nerve innervates the inferior gamelli and quadratus femoris?
nerve to quadratus femoris
40
what nerve innervates the superior gamelli and obturator internus?
nerve to obturator intrernus
41
what nerve innervates piriformis
nerve to piriformis
42
what nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen?
piriformis
43
what muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?
obturator internus
44
action of the deep gluteal muscles
external rotation and stabilizes hip joint
45
what muscles make up the hamstrings?
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
46
what nerve is the hamstrings innervated by?
tibial nerve (coming from the sciatic nerve)
47
what is the action of the hamstrings?
extend hip joint and flex knee joint
48
what arteries supply the gluteal region? and what are the gluteal branches?
- internal iliac arteries - inferior and superior gluteal arteries
49
what arteries supply the posterior compartment?
inferior gluteal, medial circumflex femoral and perforating and popliteal arteries
50
what are the two knee joints?
- medial and lateral femorotibial joints - femoropatellar joint
51
what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
superior- biceps femoris medial and lateral- gastrocnemius and semimembranosus roof- popliteal fascia floor- femur, posterior capsule and fascia on floor
52
what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
tibial and common fibular nerves, popliteal lymph nodes and vessels, popliteal artery and vein, sapheneous vein and fat
53
what are the menisci?
fibrocartilage plates located on the articular surface of the tibia
54
what is the function of menisci?
to deepen the tibial surface and act as a shock absorber (medial and lateral)
55
the collateral ligaments in the knee are taut when in _______
extension
56
which collateral ligament is fused to the joint capsule and meniscus of the knee ?
MCL
57
which collateral ligament is not fused to the joint capsule of the knee for more flexibility?
LCL
58
the ACL prevents
hyperextension
59
the PCL prevents
hyperflexion
60
what is the origin and insertion of patellar ligament?
- begins at distal end of quads and crosses over and attaches to patella and then crosses over and attaches into tibial tuberosity
61
additional medial support of the knee? what is the pes anserinus?
- medial head of the gastrocnemius insertions of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinous
62
additional lateral support of the knee?
- IT tract - biceps femoris insertion on head of fibula - lateral head of gastrocnemius
63
what are the muscles of the anterior compartment?
- tibilais anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - fibularis tertius
64
What is the action of the anterior compartment?
dorsiflexion
65
what is the nerve innervation of the anterior compartment?
deep fibular nerve
66
tibialis anterior
origin- lateral condyle, tibia and interosseous membrane insertion- medial cuneiform and base of 1st metacarpal nerve- deep fibular (L4,L5) action- dorsiflexes ankle
67
extensor hallucis longus
origin- anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane insertion- dorsal base of distal phalanx of great toe nerve- deep fibular (L5,S1) action- extends great toe, dorsiflexes ankle
68
extensor digitorum longus
origin- lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane insertion- middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits nerve- deep fibular (L5,S1) action- extends lateral four digits; dorsiflexes ankle joint
69
fibularis tertius
origin- anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane insertion- dorsum of 5th metacarpal nerve- deep fibular (L5,S1) action- dorsiflexes ankle joint; eversion
70
Muscles of the lateral compartment
fibularis longus and brevis
71
fibularis longus
origin- head, lateral surface of fibula insertion- base of first metacarpal and medial cuneiform
72
fibularis brevis
origin- lateral surface of fibula insertion- dorsal surface of 5th metacarpal
73
what is the nerve innervation of the lateral compartment?
superficial fibular nerve
74
what is the action of the lateral compartment?
eversion
75
what is the function of the foot?
weightbearing and ambulation
76
what makes up the hindfoot?
talus and calcaneus
77
what makes up the midfoot?
navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
78
what makes up the forefoot?
metatarsals and phalanges
79
what are the joints of the foot?
ankle joint/talocrural- distal fibula and tibia articulating with the superior talus movements- plantarflexion and dorsiflexion subtalar and transverse tarsal joints - inferior talus and superior calcaneus; calcaneus and cuboid and talus and navicular
80
what are the ligaments of the foot
- anterior talofibular ligament - posterior talofibular ligament - calcaneofibular ligament - tibionavicular - tibiocalcaneal - anterior tibiotalar - posterior tibiotalar
81
to measure hip flexion we must palpate the
greater trochanter
82
to measure hip abduction we must palpate the
ASIS
83
to measure knee ROM we must palpate the
lateral condyle
84
to measure ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion we must palpate the
lateral malleolus
85
what is the blood supply to the foot?
femoral artery through the adductor canal and hiatus of the adductor magnus to become the popliteal artery--- divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries anterior lower leg - anterior tibial artery - dorsalis pedis artery posterior lower leg - posterior tibial artery - posterior to medial mallelous: becomes medial and lateral plantar arteries
86
Muscles of the posterior compartment
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
87
What nerve innervates the posterior compartment?
tibial nerve
88
what is the action of the posterior compartment?
plantarflexion
89
popliteus
origin- lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus insertion- tibia
90
flexor hallicus longus
origin- fibula insertion- great toe action- FLEXES GREAT TOE
91
flexor digitorum longus
origin- tibia insertion- bases of distal phalanges action- flexes lateral four digits
92
tibilais posterior
origin- interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia, fibula insertion- tuberosity of navicular
93
Function of arches in foot
distribute weight over foot, shock absorber and springboard during, walking running and jumping + helps the foot adapt to different surfaces
94
what are the four layers of fibrous tissue in the foot?
- plantar aponeurosis - long plantar ligament - plantar calcaneocuboid - cancaneonavicular ligament
95
passive supportive structures of the foot
bones and layers of tissue
96
dynamic supportive structures of the foot
intrinsic an extrinsic muscles contracting
97
what is the most supportive structures that support the arch of the foot?
plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis
98
what is pes planus?
flat foot: loss of arch in foot
99
blood supply to the foot
anterior and posterior tibial artery
100
branches of the dorsum of the foot
medial and lateral tarsal arteries, arcuate artery, deep plantar and dorsal metatarsal arteries
101
branches of the sole of the foot
lateral plantar artery, medial planar artery, deep plantar artery, deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries
102
boundaries of the tarsal tunnel
roof- flexor retinaculum floor- medial mallelous and medial talus and calcaneus
103
content of the tarsal tunnel
tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus, tibial nerve and artery
104
Phases of the gait cycle
stance phase, swing phase
105
what are the phases of each phase?
stance includes heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, toe off swing includes initial, mid and terminal swing
106
what is planar fasciitis?
- point tenderness at insertion of plantar aponeurosis to the medial calcaneus - pain on heel and medial foot - pain with great toe extension and dorsiflexion - may develop calcaneal bone
107
When someone has drop foot, what nerve is impaired?
common fibular nerve
108
what are bunions?
lateral deviation at the proximal phalanx- protuberance of metatarsal head
109
Osteoarthritis in the knee can lead to
knee replacement
110
what is a popliteal cyst?
AKA baker's cyst - abnormal fluid filled sac located at the popliteal fossa - significant pain in the back of the knee

ANATOMY LOWER EXTREMITY (1 decks)

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