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ANATOMY LOWER EXTREMITY > LOWER EXTREMITY > Flashcards

LOWER EXTREMITY Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

The pelvis, sacrum, and two hip bones
- connects the vertebral column to the two femur bones

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2
Q

Function of the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. Transfers weight from the axial skeleton to the lower body for walking and standing
  2. assist with compression and other forces
  3. protects pelvic organs
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3
Q

Main bones of the pelvis
bony landmarks?

A

Ilium, Ischium, pubis

  • ASIS/PSIS
  • iliac crest
  • iliac fossa
  • ischial tuberosity
  • greater sciatic notch
  • lesser sciatic notch
  • greater sciatic foramen
  • obturator foramen
  • acetabulum
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4
Q

Joints of the pelvis

A
  1. sacroiliac joint
  2. pubic symphysis
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5
Q

joints of the pelvic girdle

A
  1. lumbosacral joint
  2. sacrococcygeal joints
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6
Q

sacroiliac joint movements and function

A

movements- gliding and slight rotational movements
function- transmits weight from upper body to lower body

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7
Q

ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

A

anterior and posterior ligaments, interosseous ligaments, and sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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8
Q

what is the pubic symphysis?

A

formed by two pubic bones, there is an interpubic disc

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9
Q

ligaments of pubic symphysis

A

superior pubic ligament and inferior pubic ligament

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10
Q

bony landmarks of the pubic symphysis

A

superior pubic ramus and inferior pubic ramus

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11
Q

lumbosacral joints and ligament

A

intervertebral joint- connecting L5 to the sacrum, facet joints, and the iliolumbar ligament connects the transverse processes to the ilium

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12
Q

Femur and landmarks

A

long bone of the thigh

  • head of femur
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
  • neck
  • shaft
  • linear aspera
  • medial and lateral condycle
  • popliteal surface
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13
Q

what makes up the hip joint

A

head of femur and acetabulum

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14
Q

ligaments of hip joint

A

iliofemoral- anterior and superior to prevent hyperextension
pubofemoral- inferior and anterior to resist excessive abduction of the hip
ischiofemoral- posterior to prevent internal rotation and adduction

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15
Q

Movements of the hip joint

A

flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
internal/external rotation

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16
Q

blood supply of the upper leg

A

begins at the pelvis- common iliac artery-external iliac artery
anterior aspect of thigh- femoral artery
surrounding head and trochanters- circumflex arteries

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17
Q

main action of the anterior thigh muscles

A

hip flexion

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18
Q

anterior thigh muscles are made up of

A

the pectineus, sartorius, and iliopsoas

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19
Q

what nerve are the anterior thigh muscles innervated by?

A

femoral nerve

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20
Q

what are the quads made up of?

A

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

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21
Q

where do the quads insert?

A

base of patella and tibial tuberosity

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22
Q

what is the job of the quads? what can the rectus femoris do?

A

extend the knee; can also flex hip

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23
Q

what nerve is the quads innervated by?

A

femoral nerve

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24
Q

the medial thigh muscles are made up of these 5 muscles

A

adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus

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25
Q

what nerve is the medial thigh muscles innervated by?

A

obturator nerve

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26
Q

what do most of the medial thigh muscles do? what does the obturator externus do?

A

adduct the hip joint; externally rotate hip

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27
Q

what structures make up the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius, adductor longus, inguinal ligament

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28
Q

what contents are inside the femoral triangle?

A

femoral nerve, artery, vein, lymphatics

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29
Q

What are the walls of the adductor canal

A

medial- sartorius
posterior- adductor longus + adductor magnus
anterior- vastus medialis

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30
Q

the gluteal region is bordered by which structures

A

superior iliac crest, greater trochanter, PSIS, inferior gluteal fold

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31
Q

which ligaments form the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

A

sacrotuberous, sacrospinous

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32
Q

greater sciatic foramen is an opening for

A

structures entering and leaving the pelvis

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33
Q

lesser sciatic foramen is an opening for

A

structures entering and leaving the perineum

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34
Q

what are the superficial gluteal muscles

A

gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia late

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35
Q

gluteus maximus

A

origin- ilium, sacrum, coccyx, + sacrotuberous ligament
insertion- IT band
nerve- inferior gluteal
action- extends and externally rotates hip

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36
Q

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

A

origin- ilium
insertion- greater trochanter
nerve- superior gluteal
action- abducts and internally rotates hip

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37
Q

tensor fasciae lata

A

origin- ASIS
insertion- IT band
nerve- superior gluteal
action- flexes hip joint

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38
Q

what are the deep gluteal muscles

A

piriformis
superior and inferior gemelli
obturator internus
quadratus femoris

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39
Q

what nerve innervates the inferior gamelli and quadratus femoris?

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

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40
Q

what nerve innervates the superior gamelli and obturator internus?

A

nerve to obturator intrernus

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41
Q

what nerve innervates piriformis

A

nerve to piriformis

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42
Q

what nerve passes through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

piriformis

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43
Q

what muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

obturator internus

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44
Q

action of the deep gluteal muscles

A

external rotation and stabilizes hip joint

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45
Q

what muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

46
Q

what nerve is the hamstrings innervated by?

A

tibial nerve (coming from the sciatic nerve)

47
Q

what is the action of the hamstrings?

A

extend hip joint and flex knee joint

48
Q

what arteries supply the gluteal region? and what are the gluteal branches?

A
  • internal iliac arteries
  • inferior and superior gluteal arteries
49
Q

what arteries supply the posterior compartment?

A

inferior gluteal, medial circumflex femoral and perforating and popliteal arteries

50
Q

what are the two knee joints?

A
  • medial and lateral femorotibial joints
  • femoropatellar joint
51
Q

what are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A

superior- biceps femoris
medial and lateral- gastrocnemius and semimembranosus
roof- popliteal fascia
floor- femur, posterior capsule and fascia on floor

52
Q

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

tibial and common fibular nerves, popliteal lymph nodes and vessels, popliteal artery and vein, sapheneous vein and fat

53
Q

what are the menisci?

A

fibrocartilage plates located on the articular surface of the tibia

54
Q

what is the function of menisci?

A

to deepen the tibial surface and act as a shock absorber (medial and lateral)

55
Q

the collateral ligaments in the knee are taut when in _______

A

extension

56
Q

which collateral ligament is fused to the joint capsule and meniscus of the knee ?

A

MCL

57
Q

which collateral ligament is not fused to the joint capsule of the knee for more flexibility?

A

LCL

58
Q

the ACL prevents

A

hyperextension

59
Q

the PCL prevents

A

hyperflexion

60
Q

what is the origin and insertion of patellar ligament?

A
  • begins at distal end of quads and crosses over and attaches to patella and then crosses over and attaches into tibial tuberosity
61
Q

additional medial support of the knee? what is the pes anserinus?

A
  • medial head of the gastrocnemius
    insertions of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinous
62
Q

additional lateral support of the knee?

A
  • IT tract
  • biceps femoris insertion on head of fibula
  • lateral head of gastrocnemius
63
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment?

A
  • tibilais anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius
64
Q

What is the action of the anterior compartment?

A

dorsiflexion

65
Q

what is the nerve innervation of the anterior compartment?

A

deep fibular nerve

66
Q

tibialis anterior

A

origin- lateral condyle, tibia and interosseous membrane
insertion- medial cuneiform and base of 1st metacarpal
nerve- deep fibular (L4,L5)
action- dorsiflexes ankle

67
Q

extensor hallucis longus

A

origin- anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
insertion- dorsal base of distal phalanx of great toe
nerve- deep fibular (L5,S1)
action- extends great toe, dorsiflexes ankle

68
Q

extensor digitorum longus

A

origin- lateral condyle of tibia, anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
insertion- middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
nerve- deep fibular (L5,S1)
action- extends lateral four digits; dorsiflexes ankle joint

69
Q

fibularis tertius

A

origin- anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
insertion- dorsum of 5th metacarpal
nerve- deep fibular (L5,S1)
action- dorsiflexes ankle joint; eversion

70
Q

Muscles of the lateral compartment

A

fibularis longus and brevis

71
Q

fibularis longus

A

origin- head, lateral surface of fibula
insertion- base of first metacarpal and medial cuneiform

72
Q

fibularis brevis

A

origin- lateral surface of fibula
insertion- dorsal surface of 5th metacarpal

73
Q

what is the nerve innervation of the lateral compartment?

A

superficial fibular nerve

74
Q

what is the action of the lateral compartment?

A

eversion

75
Q

what is the function of the foot?

A

weightbearing and ambulation

76
Q

what makes up the hindfoot?

A

talus and calcaneus

77
Q

what makes up the midfoot?

A

navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms

78
Q

what makes up the forefoot?

A

metatarsals and phalanges

79
Q

what are the joints of the foot?

A

ankle joint/talocrural- distal fibula and tibia articulating with the superior talus
movements- plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
- inferior talus and superior calcaneus; calcaneus and cuboid and talus and navicular

80
Q

what are the ligaments of the foot

A
  • anterior talofibular ligament
  • posterior talofibular ligament
  • calcaneofibular ligament
  • tibionavicular
  • tibiocalcaneal
  • anterior tibiotalar
  • posterior tibiotalar
81
Q

to measure hip flexion we must palpate the

A

greater trochanter

82
Q

to measure hip abduction we must palpate the

A

ASIS

83
Q

to measure knee ROM we must palpate the

A

lateral condyle

84
Q

to measure ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion we must palpate the

A

lateral malleolus

85
Q

what is the blood supply to the foot?

A

femoral artery through the adductor canal and hiatus of the adductor magnus to become the popliteal artery— divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

anterior lower leg
- anterior tibial artery
- dorsalis pedis artery
posterior lower leg
- posterior tibial artery
- posterior to medial mallelous: becomes medial and lateral plantar arteries

86
Q

Muscles of the posterior compartment

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

87
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment?

A

tibial nerve

88
Q

what is the action of the posterior compartment?

A

plantarflexion

89
Q

popliteus

A

origin- lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus
insertion- tibia

90
Q

flexor hallicus longus

A

origin- fibula
insertion- great toe
action- FLEXES GREAT TOE

91
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A

origin- tibia
insertion- bases of distal phalanges
action- flexes lateral four digits

92
Q

tibilais posterior

A

origin- interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia, fibula
insertion- tuberosity of navicular

93
Q

Function of arches in foot

A

distribute weight over foot, shock absorber and springboard during, walking running and jumping + helps the foot adapt to different surfaces

94
Q

what are the four layers of fibrous tissue in the foot?

A
  • plantar aponeurosis
  • long plantar ligament
  • plantar calcaneocuboid
  • cancaneonavicular ligament
95
Q

passive supportive structures of the foot

A

bones and layers of tissue

96
Q

dynamic supportive structures of the foot

A

intrinsic an extrinsic muscles contracting

97
Q

what is the most supportive structures that support the arch of the foot?

A

plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis

98
Q

what is pes planus?

A

flat foot: loss of arch in foot

99
Q

blood supply to the foot

A

anterior and posterior tibial artery

100
Q

branches of the dorsum of the foot

A

medial and lateral tarsal arteries, arcuate artery, deep plantar and dorsal metatarsal arteries

101
Q

branches of the sole of the foot

A

lateral plantar artery, medial planar artery, deep plantar artery, deep plantar arch, plantar metatarsal arteries

102
Q

boundaries of the tarsal tunnel

A

roof- flexor retinaculum
floor- medial mallelous and medial talus and calcaneus

103
Q

content of the tarsal tunnel

A

tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus, tibial nerve and artery

104
Q

Phases of the gait cycle

A

stance phase, swing phase

105
Q

what are the phases of each phase?

A

stance includes heel strike, foot flat, midstance, heel off, toe off

swing includes initial, mid and terminal swing

106
Q

what is planar fasciitis?

A
  • point tenderness at insertion of plantar aponeurosis to the medial calcaneus
  • pain on heel and medial foot
  • pain with great toe extension and dorsiflexion
  • may develop calcaneal bone
107
Q

When someone has drop foot, what nerve is impaired?

A

common fibular nerve

108
Q

what are bunions?

A

lateral deviation at the proximal phalanx- protuberance of metatarsal head

109
Q

Osteoarthritis in the knee can lead to

A

knee replacement

110
Q

what is a popliteal cyst?

A

AKA baker’s cyst
- abnormal fluid filled sac located at the popliteal fossa
- significant pain in the back of the knee

ANATOMY LOWER EXTREMITY (1 decks)

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