Lower body Flashcards
What are the nerves passing through the greater sciatic foramina?
Sciatic Nerve: The largest nerve in the human body, the sciatic nerve, passes through the greater sciatic foramen. It is a major nerve extending from the lower spine down the back of each leg and is responsible for controlling muscles in the back of your knee and lower leg, providing feeling to the back of your thigh, part of your lower leg, and the sole of your foot.
Superior Gluteal Nerve: This nerve supplies the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae muscles.
Inferior Gluteal Nerve: This nerve supplies the gluteus maximus muscle.
Piriformis Nerve: In some individuals, the sciatic nerve may pass through the piriformis muscle or above it. If it passes through the muscle, it is sometimes referred to as the piriformis nerve.
What are the nerves passing through the lesser sciatic foramina?
Pudendal Nerve: The pudendal nerve is a major nerve of the sacral plexus. It originates from the S2 to S4 nerve roots and passes through the greater sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region, and then re-enters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen. The pudendal nerve supplies the perineum, including the external genitalia and anal region.
Nerve to Obturator Internus: This nerve innervates the obturator internus muscle and passes through the lesser sciatic foramen
What are the arteries that pass through the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
Greater Sciatic Foramen:
The superior gluteal artery and vein, as well as the inferior gluteal artery and vein, pass through the greater sciatic foramen. These vessels supply blood to the muscles of the buttocks and the skin over the gluteal region.
Lesser Sciatic Foramen:
The internal pudendal artery is an artery that originates from the internal iliac artery. It travels out of the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen and re-enters the pelvic cavity through the lesser sciatic foramen. The internal pudendal artery supplies blood to the external genitalia and perineum.
What are the muscles and ligaments that attach on the anterior superior iliac spine?
Muscles:
Sartorius Muscle: This is a long, strap-like muscle that runs down the thigh. It originates from the ASIS and helps in flexing, abducting, and laterally rotating the hip joint.
Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle: This muscle is situated on the lateral aspect of the hip. It originates from the ASIS and assists in flexing, medially rotating, and abducting the thigh.
Ligaments:
Inguinal Ligament: The inguinal ligament is a band of connective tissue that runs from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle. It forms the base of the inguinal canal and serves as an attachment point for abdominal muscles.
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine: Not a ligament, but another bony prominence, the anterior inferior iliac spine is located just below the ASIS and serves as an attachment point for the hip joint capsule.
What are the muscles and ligaments that attach to the anterior inferior iliac spine?
Muscles:
Rectus Femoris Muscle: This muscle, one of the quadriceps muscles, attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine. It is a powerful hip flexor and knee extensor.
Ligaments:
Iliofemoral Ligament . (Y-shaped ligament or Ligament of Bigelow): This ligament is also known as the Y-shaped ligament because of its configuration. It is the strongest ligament in the human body and helps to prevent excessive extension of the hip joint. One of its arms attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine.
Acetabular Labrum: While not a ligament in the traditional sense, the acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilaginous rim that surrounds the acetabulum (hip socket) in the pelvis. It provides stability to the hip joint and is attached near the anterior inferior iliac spine.
What are the muscles and ligaments that attach on the pubic symphasis?
Muscles:
Rectus Abdominis Muscle: The rectus abdominis, commonly known as the “six-pack” muscle, originates from the pubic symphysis and the pubic crest. It is involved in flexing the trunk and compressing the abdomen.
Ligaments:
Superior Pubic Ligament: This ligament spans the superior surface of the pubic symphysis, connecting the two pubic bones. It is a strong fibrous band that helps stabilize the joint.
Arcuate Pubic Ligament: This ligament is a thickening of the superior pubic ligament and forms the inferior border of the pubic symphysis.
Pubic Symphysial Interpubic Disc: While not a ligament in the traditional sense, the fibrocartilaginous disc between the pubic bones acts as a cushion and provides additional stability to the pubic symphysis.
Anterior Pubic Ligament: This ligament is a continuation of the fibrous capsule of the symphysis joint and provides anterior support to the joint.
What are the muscles and ligaments that attach on the pubic tubercle?
Muscles:
Inguinal Ligament (Poupart’s Ligament): While not a muscle, the inguinal ligament attaches to the pubic tubercle. It is a band of connective tissue that runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. This ligament forms the base of the inguinal canal and is an important landmark for hernia surgeries.
Ligaments:
Conjoint Tendon (Fused Inguinal and Lacunar Ligaments): This tendon is formed by the fusion of the inguinal ligament and the lacunar ligament. The conjoint tendon attaches to the pubic tubercle and is part of the inguinal floor, providing support to the inguinal canal.
Rectus Sheath: The lower part of the rectus sheath, a fibrous sheath that surrounds the rectus abdominis muscle, attaches to the pubic tubercle. This sheath provides protection and support to the rectus abdominis muscle.
What are the muscles and ligaments that attach on the pubic crest?
Muscles:
Rectus Abdominis Muscle: The rectus abdominis muscle originates from the pubic crest and the pubic symphysis. It is a long, flat muscle that extends vertically along the anterior abdominal wall and is involved in trunk flexion.
Ligaments:
Pectineal Ligament: The pectineal ligament is a thickening of the lacunar ligament (part of the inguinal ligament) and attaches to the pecten pubis, a ridge on the superior ramus of the pubis. It is related to the femoral sheath and helps form the floor of the inguinal canal.
Poupart’s Ligament (Inguinal Ligament): As mentioned earlier, Poupart’s ligament, also known as the inguinal ligament, runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle, forming the base of the inguinal canal. It provides support to the inguinal region.
What are the muscles that attach on the obturator membrane?
Obturator Internus Muscle: The obturator internus muscle originates from the inner surface of the pelvic bone, including the obturator membrane and surrounding bony structures. It passes through the lesser sciatic foramen and inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur. This muscle laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint.
Obturator Externus Muscle: The obturator externus muscle also originates from the obturator membrane and adjacent bone. It travels laterally around the neck of the femur and inserts into the trochanteric fossa. This muscle is involved in the lateral rotation and stabilization of the hip joint.
Locate the obturator foramen and canal.
What is the nerve passing through the obturator canal?
After originating from the lumbar plexus, the obturator nerve travels through the pelvis, descends along the medial wall of the pelvis, and then passes through the obturator canal to enter the medial compartment of the thigh. In the thigh, it supplies motor innervation to the adductor muscles (adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis) and provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial thigh.
What are the articular surfaces on the lateral surface of the sacrum?
The lateral surface of the sacrum doesn’t have prominent articular surfaces like those found on the anterior and posterior surfaces. However, it does have a series of ridges and depressions where the sacrum articulates with the ilium, forming the sacroiliac joints. These joints are primarily synovial with irregular articular surfaces, allowing limited movement and providing stability to the pelvis.
What are the articular surfaces on the anterior and posterior sacral surfaces?
Sacral foramina
Anterior Sacral Surface:
The anterior surface of the sacrum is concave and forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity. It does not have distinct articular surfaces but instead has a series of sacral foramina, which are openings for the passage of sacral nerves and blood vessels.
Posterior Sacral Surface:
The posterior surface of the sacrum is convex and features a series of ridges and depressions where the sacrum articulates with the iliac bones to form the sacroiliac joints. The articular surfaces on the posterior sacral surface are irregular and allow limited movement at the sacroiliac joints. The articular surfaces are covered with cartilage and surrounded by strong ligaments, providing stability to the pelvis.
What are the nerves passing through the sacral foramina?
There are four pairs of sacral foramina (anterior and posterior) on each side of the sacrum, allowing for the passage of spinal nerves. The sacral nerves are part of the sacral plexus, and they contribute to the innervation of the pelvic region and lower limbs.
What are the types of lumbosacral joints?
The lumbosacral joint is a set of two articulations; an anterior intervertebral joint and two zygapophyseal (facet) joints
What is the ligament of the head of the femur attached to the fovea?
Head of of femur
Also known as the ligamentum teres femoris or simply the ligamentum teres. It is a ligament located within the hip joint and is attached to the fovea of the femoral head.
What are the muscular attachments on the anterior, lateral and posterior facets of the greater trochanter?
The gluteus medius muscle attaches to the superoposterior and lateral facets. The gluteus minimus muscle attaches to the anterior facet.
What are the muscles attached to the lateral condyle of the femur?
The plantaris muscle, the lateral head of gastrocnemius, and the popliteus muscle.
What are the structures bordering the adductor canal?
Anteriorly (Front):
Sartorius Muscle: The sartorius muscle forms the anterior border of the adductor canal. It is the longest muscle in the human body and helps with flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the hip joint.
Medially (Inner Side):
Adductor Longus Muscle: The adductor longus muscle is located on the inner side of the thigh and contributes to adduction of the hip joint.
Posteriorly (Back):
Adductor Magnus Muscle: The adductor magnus muscle forms the posterior border of the adductor canal. It has different parts, with the adductor part of the muscle being particularly relevant to the canal. Adductor magnus contributes to hip adduction.
Roof (Superiorly):
Vastus Medialis Muscle: The vastus medialis muscle, one of the quadriceps muscles, forms the superior boundary of the adductor canal. It is involved in extending the knee joint.
Floor (Inferiorly):
Adductor Longus and Adductor Magnus Muscles: The floor of the adductor canal is formed by the adductor longus and adductor magnus muscles, which are responsible for adduction of the thigh.
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
Within the adductor canal, several structures pass through, including the femoral artery, femoral vein, saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis. The canal acts as a conduit for these neurovascular structures as they travel from the thigh to the lower leg.
What are the muscles that attach to the gluteal tuberosity?
Principle site of attachment of gluteus maximus muscle.
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
- Popliteal artery
- Popliteal vein
- Tibial nerve
- Common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve)
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
Superomedial – semimembranosus.
Superolateral – biceps femoris.
Inferomedial – medial head of the gastrocnemius.
Inferolateral – lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris.
What are the features of the fibula?
- Apex
- Facet on the head of the fibula to attach with tibia
- Interosseous border
- The common fibula nerve wraps around the neck of the fibula
- Muscular attachments
- biceps femoris
artrial supply: fibular artery
What are the muscles attached to the anterior surface of fibula?
Biceps femoris Inserts on the head of the fibula
**Extensor digitorum longus **Proximal half of medial surface of fibula (and lateral tibial condyle)
Fibularis longus Head of fibula, Superior two-thirds of lateral surface of fibula
Extensor hallucis longus Medial surface of fibula, Interosseous membrane
Fibularis brevis Inferior third of lateral surface of fibula
What are the muscles that attach to the posterior surface of the fibula?
Soleus Head of fibula, Posterior border of fibula (and the medial border and soleal line of the tibia)
Tibialis posterior Posterior surface of fibula, Interosseous membrane (and posterior surface of tibia)
Flexor hallucis longus Posterior surface of fibula, Interosseous membrane
What attaches to the tibial tuberosity?
Quadriceps Tendon: The quadriceps tendon, which is formed by the convergence of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius), attaches to the tibial tuberosity. This tendon is crucial for knee extension and is an important structure for activities like standing up from a sitting position and climbing stairs.
Patellar Ligament: The quadriceps tendon continues as the patellar ligament after passing over the patella (kneecap). The patellar ligament inserts into the tibial tuberosity. It is also involved in knee extension and is part of the extensor mechanism of the knee joint.
What type of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint?
What are the supporting ligaments?
Synovial joint
What type of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint?
What are the supporting ligamets?
fibrous (no active movement)
What are the ligaments attached to the lateral and medial malleoli of the ankle?
Lateral malleolus: Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) + Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL)
Medial malleolus: Anterior Tibiotalar Ligament + Poster Tibiotalar Ligament + Tibionavicular Ligament + Tibiocalcaneul Ligament
What is Pes anserinus a common tendon of?
Where does it insert?
Common tendon of sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus (Pes anserinus tendon) attached onto the medial surface of the medial tibial condyle.
What are the contents located within the tarsal canal?
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery and vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
The mnemonic Tom, Dick and a Very Nervous Harry can be used to aid recall of these structures.
What is the innervation and function of fibularis muscle tendon?
The fibularis longus muscle is innervated by the **superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve **(L5, S1), a branch of the common fibular nerve. The function of the fibularis longus muscle is to plantar flex and evert the foot. It also provides support to both the longitudinal and transverse arches of the foot.
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?
The iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the body and attaches the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) to the intertrochanteric crest of the femur. Iliofemoral prevents hyperextension.
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?
The pubofemoral ligament prevents excess abduction and extension
What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?
ischiofemoral prevents excess extension at the hip
What is the function of the transverse acetabular ligament?
he transverse acetabular ligament straddles the inferior limit of the bony acetabulum. It is a strong load-bearing structure and, in the normal hip, in association with the labrum, provides part of the load-bearing surface for the femoral head.
What is the location and function of the iliolumbar ligament?
They help stabilise the lumbosacral spine on the pelvis. The iliolumbar ligaments are crucial in supporting the lower lumbar spine; they join the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae (L4 and L5) to the iliac bone crest at the back of the pelvis.
What is the location and function of the sacrotuberous ligament?
The sacrotuberous ligament (STL) is a stabiliser of the sacroiliac joint and connects the bony pelvis to the vertebral column. Is in the shape of a fan located in the posterior pelvis, on both sides and connects the sacrum to the iliac tuberosities.
What is the location and function of the anterior sacral ligament?
Anterior sacroiliac ligament (ASL) is comprised of many thin strands and forms from a thickened part of the anterior joint capsule. It is a smooth sheet of dense connective tissue stretching between the ventral surfaces of the sacral alar and ilium.
The ASL has very little effect on pelvic stabilityand compared to the posterior sacroiliac ligament, it has little influence on SIJ mobility.
What is the location and function of posterior sacral ligament?
The posterior sacroiliac ligament is a compound ligament composed of three distinct bands. It lies posterior and superior to the joint, filling the space between the corresponding tuberosities of the ilium and the sacrum. The posterior sacroiliac ligament is much thicker and stronger than its anterior counterpart.
