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Psychosocial - FHS > Loss and Coping > Flashcards

Loss and Coping Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of loss someone might experience?

A

Financial loss
Loss of job/home
Loss of independence
Loss of loved ones

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2
Q

What are some physical symptoms someone might experience if they experience loss?

A

Tight chest
Breathless
Muscle weakness
Fatigue

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3
Q

What are some psychosomatic symptoms someone might experience if they experience loss?

A

Difficulty concentrating
Intense sadness
Distress
Anxiety

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4
Q

Define grief.

A

Normal process of reacting to loss. There are no set pattern but can be ‘complicated’

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5
Q

What are 2 types of grief?

A

Minimal grief - absence of grief

Chronic grief - prolonged grieving

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6
Q

What is bereavement?

A

Period of sadness after losing a loved one.

Not exclusive to loss of life - can relate to loss of function or injury

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7
Q

What is Frued’s 1917 theory of mourning and melancholia?

A

Mourning is a reaction to loss.

Hyper-remembering is comparing memories with reality.

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8
Q

What are some weaknesses of Frued’s 1917 theory of grief?

A

Very brief model, excludes emotional attachment and chronic grief

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9
Q

What is Lindemann 1944’s theory of psychosomatic perspective on dealing with acute grief?

A

A method to try and remove the bond with the deceased in an attempt to help move on from their loss

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10
Q

What are the 3 grief tasks proposed by Lindemann (1944)

A
  1. Emancipation from bondage to the deceased
  2. Readjustment to a new environment in which the deceased is missing
  3. Formation of new relationships
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11
Q

What are some symptoms of grief Lindemann (1944) discovered from bereaved family members from the Cocoanut Grove Fire

A 
Somatic disease
Guilt 
Preoccupation of images of the deceased
Hostile reactions 
Loss of pattern of conduct 
Adopting traits of the deceased
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12
Q

What is Kubler-Ross (1969) stages of grief?

A

Assumes everyone will go through 5 stages of grief.

A way of figuring out where the patient is in terms of grief process and what help is most needed to help overcome grief

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13
Q

What are the 5 stages of grief proposed by Kubler-Ross (1969)

A 
Denial 
Anger 
Bargaining 
Depression 
Acceptance
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14
Q

What are some criticisms of Kubler-Ross (1969) stages of grief?

A

Not everyone goes through all 5 stages. Everyone deals with grief differently as it is not a fixed emotional state.

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15
Q

What is Bowlby (1969) attachment and loss theory?

A

Attachment ‘lasting psychological connectedness between human beings’

Grief is the normal affective response when the affectional bond breaks

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16
Q

What are the 4 phases of grief proposed by Bowlby (1969)?

A
  1. Shock and numbness
  2. Yearning and searching
  3. Despair and disorganization
  4. Reorganization and recovery
17
Q

What are the problems with the stage/task driven models of loss and grieving?

A

Not a linear process.

Stages might repeat

One size does not fit all

Importance of finding meaning

18
Q

What is Klass, Silverman & Nickman (1996) continuing bonds theory

A

Challenges the belief that ‘holding on’ is pathological

Continuing the bond can be normal, adaptive and comforting

Constructing new relationships

19
Q

What is the dual process model proposed by Strobe & Schut (1999)

A

A dynamic process where loss and emotions are revisited.

The model recognises each individual is unique in their reaction and takes into account the effect of cultural and religious beliefs.

20
Q

What does the duel process model suggest?

A

Recognises the importance of finding meaning.

Tries to find a silver lining/positivity to help overcome grief and find a new meaning to it.

21
Q

What is coping?

A

Coping is the dynamic process by which people try and manage the perceived discrepancy between demands and resources

22
Q

What is primary coping resources according to the transactional model of stress/coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

A

Personal attributes

Stable environment attributes

23
Q

What is secondary coping resources according to the transactional model of stress/coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

A

Emotion or problem focused coping

24
Q

What are short-term outcomes of coping according to the transactional model of stress/coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

A

Relaxation

Mood

25
Q

What are long-term outcomes of coping according to the transactional model of stress/coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)

A

Physical health
Mental health
Life satisfaction

26
Q

What is locus of control?

A

May affect how someone copes with stress or perceive a diagnosis

Internal LOC = believe lifestyle and their actions affects their life
External LOC = may believe fate controls life

27
Q

What are the 3 coping mechanisms proposed by Shontz, 1975

A

Shock (emergency response)

Encounter (disorganised thinking, grief, depression)

Retreat (avoidance, denial)

28
Q

What is appraisal-focused coping?

A

Logical analysis and mental preparation

Cognitive redefinition

Cognitive avoidance or denial

29
Q

What is problem-focused coping?

A

Informed gathering

Problem-solving

Identifying rewards

30
Q

What is emotional-focused coping?

A

Regulation of emotions

Emotional discharge (venting)

Resigned acceptance

31
Q

What is the monitoring style in coping?

Miller’s (1980)

A

Information seeking

Adaptive is perceived as controllable

32
Q

What is the blunting style in coping?

Miller’s (1980)

A

Information avoiding

Shields the individual from an increase in arousal

Useful in uncontrollable situations

33
Q

What is the role of personality in coping?

A

Stable individual difference in inclination to employ a monitoring or blunting style

34
Q

How can we help with coping with loss?

A

CBT

psychological problems are based, in part, on faulty or unhelpful thought processes and unhelpful behaviour

35
Q

What are some benefits of problem-solving therapy?

A

The ability to make effective decisions

Having a toolbox of problem-solving thoughts

Confidence that you can handle problems

Systematic approach to problem-solving

Ability to identify stressors and triggers

Psychosocial - FHS (4 decks)

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