Look a rainbow! Do me on it Flashcards by Brian Arnold

The largest physical barrier to be defended are the mucous membranes. T/F?

true

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Commensal microbiota in the gut compete with pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites. T/F?

true

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Lysozyme, defensins, cathelicidins and histatins are all examples of what?

antimicrobial enzymes/peptides

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Thick or impaired mucus flow predisposes an individual to what?

chronic infection

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What cells of the immune system are prolific cytokine factories?

T helper cells

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What cell acts as a liaison between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

dendritic cell

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Inflammation is an ADAPTIVE immune cell response. T/F?

false (innate immune cell response)

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What is NOT a function of antibodies?

Apoptosis

Natural Killer cells and killer T cells do that

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What ARE functions of antibodies?

Neutralization
Opsonization
Compliment activation

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What function of antibodies “tags” a cell for destruction?

Opsonization

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What is NOT a function of the complement system?

Antigen presentation 
(Macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells do that)

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Is the complement system phagocytic?

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What is the function of C3a and C5a?

Chemoattractant

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What is the function of C5b?

Form membrane attack complexes

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What is the function of C3bBb?

Convertase (split more C3 and C5)

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What is the function of C3b?

bind to the cell membrane

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What is the most numerous WHITE blood cell in the blood?

Neutrophil (50-70%)

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What is the most numerous RED blood cell in the blood?

Erythrocyte

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What monosaccharide found on the surface of many pathogens can trigger the activation of complement?

Mannose

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What professional phagocyte normally circulates in the blood?

Neutrophil

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What professional phagocyte normally circulates in tissue?

Macrophage (circulate as monocytes)

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What is a precursor for dendritic cells?

Monocytes

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What is NOT characteristic of a primed macrophage?

Major producer of TNF

hyperactive macrophage characteristic

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What are the 3 stages of macrophages?

resting
primed
hyperactive

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What is up-regulated by an activated neutrophil and binds to endothelial ICAM allowing the neutrophil to stop?

Integrin

What is expressed by endothelial cells and binds to selectin ligand?

selectin

What is expressed on the surface of neutrophils?

selectin ligand

Natural killer cells kill by what mechanism?

Apoptosis

Necrosis is what type of immune response?

inflammatory

NK cells bind what antibodies to allow it to kill via antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

IgG

What is the most Abundant antibody class in the human BODY?

IgA

What antibody is released in response to allergiEs?

IgE

What is the first and largest antibody produced following antigen recognition?

IgM

All B cell receptors (tethered antibodies) on any given B cell are identical. T/F?

true

Besides a B cell receptor on a B cell, name another type of receptor that would likely be present.

Compliment receptor

Mast cells binding what antibody will cause mast cells to degranulatE?

IgE

Which antibody is most commonly found in a mother's breast milk?

IgA

Which antibody can confer passive immunity from the mother to the fetus and crosses the placenta?

IgG (most abundant antibody in the BLOOD)

What enzyme do mast cells release during degranulation?

histamine

In consideration of the heavy chain modular design, which gene segment has the MOST variations ( ~ 40) to choose from?

V (MOST)

In consideration of heavy chain modular design, what is the function of the B cells?

"cut and paste" different constant regions

In consideration of the heavy chain modular design, which gene segment has the LEAST variations ( ~ 6) to choose from? Which segment has ~ 10 variations? ~25?

``` J = 6 (LEAST) C = 10 D = 25 V= 40 (MOST) ```

What is expressed on an NK cell that binds to a Fas protein on the invader, triggering apoptosis?

Fas ligand

What is the function of Perforin?

Pokes a hole in the membrane, injects enzymes which trigger apoptosis

In a B cell receptor, what is the function of Igα and Igβ?

* **sends an activation signal to the nucleus | - attaches the receptor to the cell membrane

What is the function of disulfide bridges?

bind the heavy chains together

In an antibody, what is the function of the paratope?

Bind to the epitope, part of the antigen

Almost all cells in the body express MHC I. T/F?

true

MHC II is typically found with which cells in the body?

antigen presenting cells

What 3 types of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) express MHC II?

Activated dendritic cells Activated macrophages Activated B cells

The helper T cell co-stimulates the B cell by expressing what?

CD40 ligand

After a B cell has found its cognate antigen and proliferates, most of these proliferating B cells become what?

Plasma cells

What cells are considered "antibody factories" and are found in the spleen or bone marrow?

Plasma cells

What are 3 functions/characteristics of IgA?

- unable to fix complement - found in mother's milk - can coat pathogen and prevent mucosal attachment

What is the result of B cell activation without T cell help?

can ONLY produce IgM (default antibody class)

What is the most abundant antibody in the BLOOD?

IgG

What antibody typically targets parasites?

IgE

What normally prevents endogenous peptides from loading onto MHC II?

Invariant chain

Stimulation of what nerve(s) can attenuate or inhibit inflammation mediated by splenic macrophages?

Vagus nerve

All antigen presenting cells express B7 co-stimulatory proteins. T/F?

true

What is the function of MHC I?

Displays endogenous peptides

What is the function of MHC II?

Displays foreign (exogenous) peptides

Which MHC on average can display longer peptides? How many AA for each?

MHC II = 13-25 AA | MHC I = 8-11 AA

B7 displayed on macrophages can act as a co-stimulatory molecule to the antigen presenting MHC. What receptor on the B cell binds B7?

CD28

Toll-like receptors are best described as which of the following?

Pattern recognition receptors

What antigen presenting cell, phagocytizes antigen at the battle site, displays it on MHC II and travels back to a lymph node to activate T cells?

Activated dendritic cells

What is the major antigen presenting function of activated macrophages?

re-stimulate T cells at the battle site

What is the major antigen presenting function of activated dendritic cells?

re-stimulate T cells at the lymph node

What is the major antigen presenting function of activated B cells?

concentrate antigen

What antibody is the major mucosAl antibody, can bind to pathogens in the gut and prevent attachment (neutralization) to mucosAl cells?

IgA (does not fix complement)

What substance is released from degranulating mast cells and is associated with anaplylactic shock systemically?

Histamine

What 2 substances are released by helper T cells?

interferon and IL-1 (cytokines)