Long Test 1: The Traditional Music of Africa Flashcards
It is a term used to describe the fusion of West African with Black American Music
Afrobeat
A musical gente from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up the worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan
Apala (Akpala)
It is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia and Brazil. It fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of marcha, reggae and calypso
Axe
A hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music played on drums with guitar accompaniment influenced by mbira-based guitar styles
Jit
A popular form of South American music featuring a lively abd uninhibited variarion of the jitterbug, a form of swing dance
Jive
A popular music style from Nigera that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun (talking frum or squeeze drum)
Juju
Kwassa-Kwassa
A music style that begun in Zaire in the late 1980s popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this dance style, the moves move back and forth while the arms move following the hips
A South African three-chord township music of the late 1930s-1960s which evolved into African Jazz. It is characterized by simple chords in varying vamping patterns and repetitive harmony over an extended period of time
Marabi
Mainly functional in nature which is used
primarily in ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, marriage, succession, worship,
and spirit invocations. Others are work related or social in nature, while many
traditional societies view their music as a form of entertainment.
African Traditional Music
It is the combination of strong rhythms of African percussion
instruments and Portuguese melodies. This form of music is being paraded along
the streets by up to 100 participants.
Maracatu
It is one of the most widely performed musical forms of the late 19th
century. The melodies of ____ are expressive and soulful. The slaves and their
descendants used to sing these as they work in the fields
Blues
It is a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s which originated in
the African-American community throughout the United States. It combines
elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, and often jazz.
Soul
It originated in the Unites States and created by African-American
slaves. It is also known as “Negro Spiritual”. It became a means of imparting
Christian values and a way of venting their hardships as slaves.
Spiritual
It is likened to a question and answer sequence in human
communication. The slaves used to sing these songs while simultaneously doing
all their tasks in a day.
Call and Response
It is a single bell or multiple bells and is considered as the
oldest samba instrument based on West African Yoruba single or double
bells. It has the highest pitch of any of the bateria instruments.
Agogo
It is a type of gourd and shell megaphone from West Africa,
consisting of a dried gourd with beads woven into a net covering the
gourd.
Shekere
It is a hollow percussion instrument. Although
known as a drum, it is not a true drum but is an idiophone. It is usually
carved or constructed from bamboo or wood into a box with one or more
slits in the top
Slit/Log Drum
It is a hollowed cylinder of wood with a
narrow longitudinal opening or slit whose edges are struck to produce
a deep, sonorous tone. They are considered to be portraits of ancestors
so that when played, it is the voices of awakened ancestors which
resonate from their interior chamber.
Atingting Kon (Slit Gong)
It is a kind of wooden xylophone or percussion idiophone
which plays melodic tunes. It has been played in the region since the
1300s. In the 16th century, it became a real art at the royal court of
Sikasso/ Mali and was flourishing under the reign of a generous king.
Balafon
Sound is produced by the body of the instrument vibrating.
Idiophones
Sound is produced by the vibration of a tightly stretched
membrane
Membranophones
It refers to African music using their bodies as
instruments. Their body can be used to produce sound by clapping their
hands, slapping their thighs, pounding their upper arms or chests, or
shuffling their feet. Wearing of rattles or bells on their wrists, ankles,
arms, and waists enhances their emotional response.
Body Percussion
It is used to send messages to announce births,
deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances, initiations or war. It is
believed that the drums can carry direct messages to the spirits after
the death of a loved one
Talking Drum
The West African _______ (pronounced zhem-bay) is one of
the best-known African drums. It is shaped like a large goblet and
played with bare hands. The body is carved from a hollowed trunk and
is covered with goat skin.
Djembe
Sound is produced by the vibration of tongues of metal, wood
or other materials
Lamellaphone
It is a set of plucked tines or keys
mounted on a sound board. It is being played by holding the instrument
in the hands and plucking the tines with the thumbs. They used this
instrument to drive away evil spirits since it is believed that it was a
vector of communication with ancestors and spirits.
Mbira (Kalimba/Thumb Piano)
It is a hand-crafted instrument with a unique harp or
bell-like sound. It is a popular traditional instrument of the Shona
people in Zimbabwe. It is a radical redesign of the African Mbira and it
consists of up to 150 metal tines attached to a wooden board,
comprising up to five octaves.
Array Mbira
Sound is produced by the vibration of a string or strings that
are stretched between fixed points.
Chordophones
The _______ is the ancestor of all string
instruments. It is the oldest and one of the most widely used string
instruments of Africa. It consists of a single string attached to each end
of a curved stick, similar to a bow and arrow.
Musical Bow
The ___ is an African fiddle played with a bow, a small
wooden stick, or plucked with the fingers. It has one or two strings
made of steel or bicycle brake wire. It is from Sub-Saharan Africa.
Zeze
Sound is produced through the vibration of air.
Aerophone
It is a type of flute which is widely used throughout Africa and either vertical or side-blown. They are usually fashioned from a single tube closed at one end and blown like a bottle
Fulani
Made from the ____ of a ____ antelope. It sound releases a mellow and warm sound that adds a unique African accent
Kudu Horn
The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal
______ share many similar yet distinctive music elements. Songs had
a wide range of volume levels. Songs celebrate themes like harvest, planting
season or other important events or occasions of the year
Native American/Indian Music
The natives were found to be using local
drum and percussion instruments. The indigenous music of _______ was
largely functional in nature, being used for religious worships and ceremonies
Indigenous Latin American Music
The _____ influence on Latin American music is
most pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by drums
and various percussion instrument
Afro-latin American Music
The different regions of _____ America adopted
various characteristics from their ____ colonizers. Melodies of the
Renaissance period were used in Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific
coasts
Euro-latin American Music
The result of the massive infusion of African culture
also brought about the introduction of other music and dance forms such as the
Afro-Cuban rumba, Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia, and the Brazilian
samba
Mixed American Music
It is a dance form of African origin around 1838 which evolved into an
African-Brazilian invention in the working class and slum districts of Rio de Janeiro.
Its lively rhythm was meant to be executed for singing, dancing, and parading in the
carnival
Samba
It is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) of Spain and the
African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin. Originating in Cuba, it is usually played
with the guitar, contrabass, bongos, maracas, and claves. Its most important legacy
is its influence on present-day Latin American music, particularly as the forerunner
of the salsa.
Son
It is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico
that started in New York in the mid 1970s. Its style contains elements from the swing
dance and hustle as well as the complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Caribbean dance
forms of pachanga and guaguanco
Salsa
The varied cultures developed in _________ gave rise to different types of
wind and percussion instruments. As some instruments were considered holy and
music was supposed to glorify the gods, mistakes in playing these instruments were
considered offensive and insulting to them.
Musical Instruments of Latin America
These are the instruments that were played during the _____ Empire (c. 1345-
1521 CE) and ______ Civilization (1800 BC – AD 950). ______ and ______ people are
people who lived in Southern Mexico and Northern Central America Central.
Aztec and Mayan instruments
It is a flute variety from the Aztec culture made of clay
with decorations of abstract designs or images of their deities.
Tlapitzalli
It is a Mexican slit drum hollowed out and carved from
a piece of hardwood with designs representing human figures or animals
to be used for both religious and recreational purposes.
Teponaztli
It is a wind instrument made from a seashell usually of a
large sea snail. It is prepared by cutting a hole in its spine near the apex,
and then blown into as if it were a trumpet.
Conch
It is a hand percussion instrument whose sound is produced
by scraping a group of notched sticks with another stick, creating a
series of rattling effects
Rasp
It is a Mexican upright tubular drum used by the Aztecs
and other ancient civilizations. It is made of wood opened at the bottom
and standing on three legs cut from the base, with its stretched skin
beaten by the hand or a wooden mallet.
Huehueti
These are instruments that were being played during the civilization of _____
between c. 1400 and 1533 CE in Pre-Columbian America, which was centered in what
is now Peru. The _____ built one of the largest, most tightly controlled empires the
world has ever known.
Incan instruments
It is an ancient vessel flute made of clay or ceramic with four
to 12 finger holes and a mouthpiece that projected from the body.
Ocarina
These are ancient instruments tuned to
different scalar varieties, played by blowing across the tubetop.
Zampoñas (Panpipes)
These are the instruments that were being played during the _____
Civilization (c. 3000 BCE – 1537). This civilization is considered indigenous and not
derived from other civilizations mainly because they came from the river valleys of
the coastal desserts of Peru
Andean Instruments
It is a side-blown cane flute that is played all year round.
Siku
These are vertical duct flutes with a mouthpiece similar to
that of a recorder, used during the rainy season.
Tarkas
These are vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made
from fragile bamboo. They are used during the dry season.
Quenas
It is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose original
ensemble consisted of violins, guitars, harp, and an enormous
guitarron. ______ music is extremely passionate and
romantic with their blended harmonies and characterized by
catchy rhythms.
Mariachi
It is a popular African courtship dance with European and African
instrumentation and characteristics, originating in Panama and Colombia. It
contains varying rhythmic meters.
Cumbia
It is a foremost Argentinian and Uruguayan urban popular song and
dance and remains a 20th century nationalistic Argentinian piece of music that
is most expressive
Tango
Cha Cha
It is a ballroom dance originated in Cuba in 1953 that was derived
from the mambo. The Cuban _______ is considered more sensual because it
contains polyrhythmic patterns.
It is a popular recreational dance with Afro-Cuban origin. It is normally
used as a ballroom dance where a couple would be in an embrace though slightly
apart, with the rocking of the hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence
Rumba
It is the slower and gentler version of the Cuban Samba, originated
in the 1950s. It is the Portuguese term for “new trend”. This genre integrates
melody, harmony and rhythm into swaying feel and mostly sung in a nasal
manner. Antonio Carlos Jobim is the foremost international figure of ________
while Sitti Navarro is his Filipino counterpar
Bossa Nova
It is an urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica
in the mid1960s. It is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the
bass and drum downbeat and the offbeat rhythm section. Bob Marley is the best-
known proponent of _____ who hails from Jamaica
Reggae
It is a 20th century social dance that originated after 1910 in the USA.
This dance had no fixed step pattern, instead borrowing from other dance forms
and having a simple forward/backward sequence.
Foxtrot
It is a theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards in bullfights
which means “double step”. The dance is arrogant and dignified where the dancer
takes strong steps forward with the heels accompanied by artistic hand
movements, foot stomping, sharp and quick.
Paso Doble
