Long Test 1 Flashcards
The measure of the variety and variability of life on Earth.
Biodiversity
Refers to the number of species (the basic operational unit of diversity) in a particular place.
Variety / Species Richness.
Invented the very first compound microscope.
Zacharias Janssen
When was the compound microscope invented?
1590s
What was Zacharias Janssen’s occupation?
Spectacle Maker
English scientist who first coined the word cell to describe small units of life forms he observed under the microscope.
Robert Hooke
Provided one of the first accurate descriptions of algae, fungi, bacteria, and small animals.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Anton von Leeuwenhoek’s ethnicity and occupation.
Dutch Merchant
What did Leeuwenhoek call the small animals he observed?
Animacules
The images produced by a compound light microscope is always ___.
Mirrored
Where can the light source of the microscope usually be found?
The base
Where do your hands go when carrying a compound microscope?
One hand at the base, the other grasping the arm of the microscope.
This is where the specimen is mounted for microscopic examination. There are usually clips to affix the position of the slide, and it is movable left to right to be able to visualize the whole mounted slide.
The stage
How many kind of lenses is a compound microscope made of?
2
Other term for ocular lens
Eyepiece
Magnification of Eyepiece
10x
The 3 Objective lens
Low Power Objective (LPO), High Power Objective (HPO), Oil Immersion Objective (OIO)
Magnification of LPO
10x
Magnification of HPO
45x or 60x
Magnification of OIO
100x
Where are the objective lenses are attached to?
Revolving nosepiece
The distance of the objective lens and the specimen
Working distance
What does one use to raise or lower objective lens a considerable distance
Coarse adjustment knob
What is used for critical focusing?
Fine adjustment knob
Reflects light into the condenser
Mirror
Concentrates light from the mirror, illuminating the field of view seen through the eyepiece.
Condenser
A thin structure with an adjustable aperture that allows the regulation of light intensity coming from the condenser.
Iris diaphragm
What were the two methods taught in lab?
Wet mounting and fixed mounting.
What are wet mounting techniques usually used for?
To view living, mobile organisms.
What are fixed mounts for?
“Used to ‘affix’ organisms onto the glass slide.” As it grants better visualization without having to constantly adjust the field of view.
What are fixed mounts commonly used for?
Commonly used for bacterial smear identification, cell counting methodologies, and diagnoses of infections, among others.
What is the technique wherein dyes are used to stain cells to increase contrast, making them more visible when viewing under the microscope.
Staining techniques
The adherence to the similarly-charged cell components would dictate how much colour is deposited means that the dye is ___.
Charged
This is a differential staining method which distinguishes bacteria from each other based on how thick their bacterial cell walls are.
Gram-staining
Nave a thick cell wall, allowing it to trap more stain in the matrix of its cytoplasm, making the cells look bright purple.
Gram-positive bacteria
Have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan, making the dye easier to rinse off, resulting in a fainter, more pinkish stain.
Gram-negative bacteria,
Refers to the variability among living organisms from all sources, including, among other things, terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.
Biological diversity or biodiversity
What year was the Red List established?
1964
What organization established the Red List? / What does IUCN mean?
International Union on the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
How many species have been assessed for the IUCN Red List
150,388
According to the IUCN, more than _____ species are threatened with extinction worldwide, constituting 28% of all assessed species.
42,100
These are species that have not undergone the stringent Red List assessment yet.
Not Evaluated
There is inadequate information to make an assessment on the species’ extinction risk factor.
Data Deficient (DD)
A species’ habitat, presence, and abundance has been evaluated, and it does not qualify for special action.
Least Concern (LC)
A species was evaluated using the Red List criteria, and is found to be close to being threatened with loss of abundance.
Near Threatened (NT)
A taxon is considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Vulnerable (VU)
A species is considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Endangered (EN)
The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild, with abundances limited to a few hundred individuals left.
Critically Endangered (CR)
A species is only known to survive in captivity or as a naturalised population outside its natural distribution range, and field surveys over a reasonable time frame result in no sightings in the wild.
Extinct in the Wild (EW)
This is for species who, without a reasonable doubt, is believed that the last individual has died, and even through exhaustive field surveys in their assumed habitats at appropriate times throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual.
Extinct (EX)
What year was the CITES put into action?
1975
What does CITES stand for?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
How many countries adopted the CITES?
180
Responsible for regulating international trade in threatened plants and animal species, as well as trade in wildlife or their parts–such as elephant ivory and turtle eggs.
CITES
Species that fall under this listing are those threatened with extinction, and to which receives the highest level of CITES protection. Any form of commercial trade is not permitted for organisms listed in this Appendix, and non-commercial trade is strictly controlled by requiring permits reviewed and granted by regulatory bodies.
Appendix I
Species that fall under this listing are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but their trade must be controlled to avoid overexploitation which will contribute to increased losses that will drive extinction. Any trade that occurs under this Appendix requires an export permit or certificate approved by CITES’ regulatory bodies.
Appendix II
Found in this list are species protected in at least one country, and that country has acquired the assistance of CITES to control its trade.
Appendix III
Refers to the different kinds or types of organisms in an area
Taxonomic diversity
Simplified version of taxonomic diversity.
Species diversity
The most basic method of measuring biodiversity.
Raw species count
The number of species in an area.
Species richness
Takes into account abundances in species.
Species evenness
Combination of Species richness and Species evenness.
Diversity index
Refers to diversity within a particular area, community, or ecosystem, and is usually measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem (usually species level).
Alpha-diversity
Focuses on relative species richness and abundance, and / or the pattern of species distribution.
Simpson Index and the Shannon Index
Comparisons of ecosystems in determining changes over time in a given region.
Beta-diversity
On an even larger scale, measurement of the overall or total biodiversity for the different ecosystems within a region
Gamma-diversity
Pertains to landscape diversity of habitats within a landscape or region.
Gamma-diversity
This indicates the difference and variation in species richness between two different habitats or within a single community at different points in time, comparing the number of taxa that are unique to each ecosystem being contrasted.
Beta-diversity
