Long QT Syndrome

Question 1

What are the congenital causes for long QT syndrome?

Answer 1

Romano-Ward syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome (Bilateral sensoneural hearing loss)

Question 2

What are the acquired causes of long QT syndrome?

Answer 2

1. Metabolic causes
2. Medications
3. Heart diseases

Question 3

What are the metabolic causes of long QT syndrome?

Answer 3

1. Hypocalcemia
2. Hypokalemia
3. Hypomagnesemia

Question 4

What are the medications causing long QT syndrome?

Answer 4

1. Antiarrhythmics - Amiodarone, Quinidine
2. Antihistamines - Astemizole, Terfenidine
3. Anti-biotics - Erythromycin, Clarithromycin
4. Anti-fungals - Fluconazole
5. Anti-malarial - Chloroquine, Halofantrine
6. Psychotropics - Chlorpromazine, Haloperidole, SSRIs

Question 5

What are the heart diseases causing long QT syndrome?

Answer 5

1. LVH
2. HF
3. Myocardial ischaemia

Question 6

Hypercalcemia - ECG changes

Answer 6

1. Prolong PR, QRS
2. Short QT

Question 7

What is the management of long QT syndrome?

Answer 7

1. Avoid QT-prolongation drugs
2. Correct electrolyte abnormalities
3. Beta-blockers
4. ICD
5. LCSD