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LBBBI36: Physiology Laboratory > Long Exam 1 > Flashcards

Long Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is made up of ___ and ____

A

Cellular elements and extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What are the cellular elements in the blood?

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

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3
Q

Components of extracellular matrix in the blood?

A

Plasma; mostly water that suspends the formed elements and enables them to circulate throughout the body within the cardiovascular system

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4
Q

What are the functions of blood? Primary functions? Other functions?

A

Primary: to deliver oxygen and nutrients to, and remove wastes from, the body cells

Other functions: defense, distribution of heat, and maintenance of homeostasis

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5
Q

The term for the percentage of red blood cells in the blood

A

Hematocrit

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6
Q

Normal hematocrit values

A

Females: 37-47%
Males: 42-52%

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7
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A

92% water, 7% plasma proteins

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8
Q

What is the most abundant of the plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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9
Q

What is the color of oxygenated blood?

A

Bright red

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10
Q

What is the color of deoxygenated blood?

A

Dark red

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11
Q

What causes the color change in the blood?

A

The hemoglobin that changes color depending on the degree of oxygen saturation

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12
Q

The viscosity of blood is greater than the viscosity of water by how many factor?

A

5

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13
Q

Viscosity is greatly affected by?

A

Presence of plasma proteins and formed elements within the blood

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14
Q

Average pH of blood? Normal pH range?

A

Average pH: 7.4
Range: 7.35 -7.45

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15
Q

Typical volume of blood for males and females?

A

Males: 5-6 liters
Females: 4-5 liters

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16
Q

It occurs in the red marrow within the spaces of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue

A

Hematopoiesis or Hemopoiesis

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17
Q

Where does hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis occur in adults?

A

largely restricted to the cranial and pelvic bones, the vertebrae, the sternum, and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus.

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18
Q

Where does hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis occur in children?

A

Medullary cavity of long bones

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19
Q

Hemopoiesis outside the medullary cavity of adult bones

A

Extramedullary hemopoiesis

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20
Q

What organs maintain the ability of extramedullary hemopoiesis to generate the formed elements throughout adulthood?

A

Liver and spleen

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21
Q

Where do all of the formed elements of blood originate?

A

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

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22
Q

What induces the hemopoietic stem cell to divide and differentiate?

A

Hemopoietic growth factors

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23
Q

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts give rise to these two types of stem cells?

A

Lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid stem cells

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24
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to what type of WBC? Clue: It functions for immunity

A

Lymphocytes

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25
Q

These cells are derived from lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells. and Natural Killer Cells

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26
Q

Lymphoid stem cells quickly migrate from [tissue] to [another tissue]. These are the parts of the body where the production and differentiation of lymphoid stem cells occur.

A

Bone marrow to lymphatic tissue

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27
Q

These are the stem cells that give rise to all other formed elements.

A

Myeloid stem cells

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28
Q

The formed elements that the myeloid stem cell produces are the following:

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. megakaryocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
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29
Q

A compartmentalized cell that gives rise to erythrocytes

A

Reticulocyte

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30
Q

A cell that gives rise to platelets

A

Megakaryocyte

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31
Q

What is produced when a monocyte is differentiated?

A

Macrophage

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32
Q

When a myeloid stem cell is differentiated, it gives rise to:

A
  1. megakaryoblast
  2. proerythroblast
  3. myeloblast
  4. monoblast
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33
Q

What is the most commonly formed element?

A

Erythrocytes

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34
Q

The normal erythrocyte count for males and females

A

Males: ~5.4 million erythrocytes per uL of blood
Females: ~4.8 million per uL of blood

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35
Q

What is the shape of erythrocytes/RBC? What is the reason/purpose for that shape?

A

Biconcave disk
1. It lacks most organelles
2. More space for the hemoglobin molecules
3. Provides a greater surface for gas exchange than a sphere of a similar diameter.
4. Capillaries can be so small that erythrocytes sometimes fold in on themselves to pass through.

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36
Q

Commonly known as white blood cell;

A

Leukocyte

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37
Q

What is the main purpose of leukocyte

A

A major component of the body’s defenses against disease/pathogens.

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38
Q

Average leukocyte count in adults

A

5000 to 1000 per uL of blood

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39
Q

[TRUE or FALSE] Leukocytes have longer lifespan than that of erythrocytes

A

FALSE, leukocytes have SHORTER lifespan

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40
Q

The process used by leukocytes in leaving the capillaries

A

Emigration

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41
Q

The process where leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall

A

Diapedesis

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42
Q

Two classifications of leukocytes

A
  1. Granular leukocytes
  2. Agranular leukocytes
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43
Q

This type of leukocyte contains abundant granules within the cytoplasm

A

Granular leukocytes

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44
Q

The three granular leukocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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45
Q

Granular leukocytes arise from what stem cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells

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46
Q

This type of leukocyte contains fewer and less obvious granules

A

agranular leukocytes

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47
Q

Agranular leukocytes include:

A
  1. monocytes, which mature into phagocytic macrophages
  2. lymphocytes
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48
Q

Agranular leukocytes arise from what stem cells?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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49
Q

Most abundant of total leukocyte count, normally comprising 50-70%

A

Neutrophils

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50
Q

How many lobes are there in the nucleus of neutrophils?

A

2 to 5

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51
Q

Purpose of neutrophils:

A
  1. Rapid responders to the site of infection
  2. Efficient phagocytes with a preference for bacteria
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52
Q

Granular leukocyte that is typically 2-4 percent of the total leukocyte count

A

Eosinophils

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53
Q

How many lobes are typically in the nucleus of eosinophils?

A

2 to 3

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54
Q

What is the acidic dye that best stains the granules of eosinophils?

A

Eosin

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55
Q

Purpose of eosinophils

A
  1. Their granules include antihistamine molecules and toxins for parasitic worms.
  2. Capable of phagocytosis
56
Q

Typically, the least abundant of the total leukocyte count

A

Basophils

57
Q

What is the dye that best stains the granules of basophil?

A

Basic or alkaline stains

58
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A
  1. contain large granules
  2. nucleus contains two lobes
59
Q

The granules of basophils release?

A

Histamines and heparin

60
Q

The only formed element that arises from lymphoid stem cells

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

Purpose of basophils

A

Intensify inflammatory response

62
Q

The percentage of the abundance of lymphocytes in the total leukocyte count

A

20-30%

63
Q

The percentage of the abundance of neutrophils in the total leukocyte count

A

50-70%

64
Q

The percentage of the abundance of eosinophils in the total leukocyte count

A

2-4%

65
Q

The percentage of the abundance of basophils in the total leukocyte count

A

less than 1%

66
Q

Three major groups of lymphocytes

A
  1. NK cells
  2. B cells
  3. T cells
67
Q

Purpose of lymphocytes

A

essential for immune response

68
Q

Capable of recognizing cells that do not express “self” proteins on their plasma membrane

A

natural killer (NK) cells

69
Q

These types of cells include cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and cells with atypical surface proteins

A

“Nonself proteins”

70
Q

Also known as “plasma cells”. They produce antibodies or immunoglobulins

A

B cells

71
Q

They provide cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells

A

T cells

72
Q

Agranular leukocytes that originate from myeloid stem cells

A

Monocytes

73
Q

The percentage of the abundance of monocytes in the total leukocyte count

A

2-8%

74
Q

What is the shape of the nuclei of monocytes

A

indented or horseshoe-shape

75
Q

These are monocytes that have left the circulation

A

Macrophages

76
Q

Formed element that is essential for the repair of blood vessels when damage has occured

A

Thrombocytes

77
Q

It is the fragment of the cytoplasm of megakaryocyte

A

Platelet

78
Q

What is the element that exhibits the following characteristics:
1. descended from myeloid stem cells
2. large, typically 50-100 um in diameter
3. contain an enlarged, lobed nucleus
4. remain within bone marrow tissue
5. form platelet-precursor extensions that release thousands of cytoplasmic fragments

A

Megakaryocyte

79
Q

Typical lifespan of platelets

A

about 10 days

80
Q

The typical number of platelets in the blood

A

150,000 to 160,000 uL of blood

81
Q

The three-step process of physiological mechanisms that stop bleeding

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Formation of platelet plug
  3. Blood coagulation
82
Q

Clotting factors are produced by what organ?

A

Liver

83
Q

[TRUE or FALSE] Clotting factors are secreted in the blood in inactive forms

A

True

84
Q

Plasma without clotting factors is called?

A

Serum

85
Q

A blood type that has A antigens on the RBC with anti-B antibodies in the plasma

A

Blood Group A

86
Q

A blood type that has B antigens on the RBC with anti-A antibodies in the plasma

A

Blood Group B

86
Q

Has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

A

Blood Group O

86
Q

Has both A and B antigens, but no antibodies

A

Blood Group AB

87
Q

Color of the serological tube used as a metabolic panel for lipid profiling and serological tests.

A

Gold

88
Q

The additive used in gold vacuum tube

A

Polymer gel and powdered silica

89
Q

Color of the serological tube used as a metabolic panel for lipid profiling, serological tests, and blood bank procedures

A

Red

90
Q

The additive used in red vacuum tube

A

Silica

91
Q

Color of the tubes containing COAGULANTS

A

Gold and Red

92
Q

Color of the tubes containing ANTICOAGULANTS

A

Purple
Light blue
Green
Gray
Pink

93
Q

It is a blood test that measures glucose level, electrolyte and fluid balance, kidney function and liver function

A

Metabolic Panel

94
Q

The color of the serological tube that is used for complete blood count (CBC) and blood-typing

A

Purple

95
Q

The additive used in purple serological tubes

A

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)

96
Q

The color of the serological tube that is used for prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

A

Light blue

97
Q

The additive used in light blue serological tubes

A

Buffered sodium citrate

98
Q

The color of the serological tube used for metabolic panel and other plasma determination tests

A

Green

99
Q

The additive used in green serological tubes

A

Lithium heparin

100
Q

The color of the serological tube used for blood sugar testing and toxicology test

A

Gray

101
Q

The additive used in gray serological tube

A

Sodium fluoride

102
Q

The color of the serological tube that is used for Rh factor, ABO typing, and blood banking procedure

A

Pink

103
Q

The additive used in pink serological tube

A

Dried EDTA

104
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane caused by a concentration different in solutes

105
Q

It occurs whenever as higher concentration of solute is separated from a lower concentration of solute by membrane that is either semi-permeable or selectively permeable

A

Osmosis

106
Q

What is the movement of water in osmosis?

A

From low solute concentration (high amount of water) to high solute concentration (low amount of water)

107
Q

It refers to the ability of a solution to change the volume of the cells immersed in it.

A

Tonicity

108
Q

In a hypotonic solution, compare the concentrations of the solution and the cell.

A

[Solution] < [Cell]

109
Q

In an isotonic solution, compare the concentrations of the solution and the cell.

A

[Solution] = [Cell]

110
Q

In a hypertonic solution, compare the concentrations of the solution and the cell

A

[solution] > [Cell]

111
Q

The normal duration of blood clotting via capillary method

A

4 to 8 minutes

112
Q

Describe clotting time

A

The time it takes for the first fibrin threads to appear

113
Q

The normal duration of bleeding

A

2 to 5 minutes

114
Q

A condition wherein the pH of the blood deviates greater than the normal pH level? (e.g., when a patient’s blood pH is 7.46)

A

Alkalosis

115
Q

It is a lymphocyte that provides cellular-level immunity by physically attacking foreign or diseased cells

A

T cells

116
Q

B cells secrete?

A

antibodies or immunoglobulins

117
Q

Functional organization of the nervous system

A

Nervous System = CNS, PNS
CNS = Brain, Spinal Cord
PNS = Afferent, Efferent
Efferent = Somatic, Autonomic
Afferent = Somatic, Visceral
Autonomic = Sympathetic, Parasympathetic

118
Q

The two divisions of the sensory nervous system differentiate from each other.

A

Somatic: receives sensory information from the skin, fascia, joint, skeletal muscles, special senses.

Visceral: receives sensory information from viscera or internal organs

119
Q

It is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that contains receptors and transmits information from the receptors to the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Sensory NS or Afferent division

120
Q

It is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body. It sends motor information to the effectors.

A

Motor NS or Efferent division

121
Q

Differentiate the two divisions of the motor nervous system.

A

Somatic: “Voluntary”, innervates the skeletal muscle

Autonomic: “Involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

122
Q

It is a part of the nervous system consisting of sensory receptors, neural pathways conducting information from receptors to the brain or spinal cord, and the part of the brain that process the information.

A

Sensory system

123
Q

Differentiate sensation and Perception

A

Sensation: sensory information that reaches level of consciousness.
Perception: A person’s awareness of the sensation.

124
Q

Specialized epithelial cells or neurons that converts environmental signals into neural signals.

A

Sensory receptors

125
Q

The process by which a stimulus is transformed into an electrical signal.

A

Sensory transduction

126
Q

A decrease in receptor sensitivity responding whether to sequential or prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

127
Q

What are the five main sensory receptors? Differentiate and give examples.

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors: responds to mechanical stimuli such as pressure or stretch (e.g., Pacinian corpuscles, joint receptors, muscle stretch receptors, baroreceptors)
  2. Photoreceptors: respond to particular ranges of light wavelengths (e.g., rods and cones)
  3. Thermoreceptors: sensations of cold or warmth.
  4. Nociceptors: general category of detectors that sense pain due to actual or potential tissue damage (from strong pressure).
  5. Chemoreceptors: respond to the binding of particular chemicals to the receptor membrane.
128
Q

Another term for ‘slowly’ adapting receptor?

A

Tonic

129
Q

Another term for ‘rapidly’ adapting receptor?

A

Phasic

130
Q

A type of adaptation receptor by which a persistent or slowly decaying receptor potential during a constant stimulus is maintained, initiating action potentials in afferent neurons for the duration of the stimulus.

A

Slowly adapting receptors (Tonic)

131
Q

A type of adaptation receptor wherein receptor potentials or action potentials are generated at the onset of a stimulus but quickly cease responding.

A

Rapidly adapting receptors (Phasic)

132
Q

The area of the body that leads to activity in a particular afferent neuron.

A

Receptive field

133
Q

It is the ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points

A

Two-point discrimination

134
Q
A

LBBBI36: Physiology Laboratory (1 decks)

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