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KEMBIO1: Biochemistry 1 > LONG EXAM 1 > Flashcards

LONG EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the carbon compounds.

A

Organic Chemistry

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2
Q

Both cells and the biomolecules of which they are made must have arisen ultimately from very simple molecules such as?

A

H2O, CH4, CO2, NH3, N2, and H2

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3
Q

All living cells have the same kinds of?

A

Monomeric Units

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4
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids

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5
Q

Building blocks of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

Polysaccharides consist of?

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Lipids are made up of

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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8
Q

Living organisms create and maintain their complex, orderly structures at the expense of _______ from their environment.

A

Free energy

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9
Q

These reactions are coupled to endergonic processes through shared chemical intermediates, channeling the free energy to do work

A

Exergonic Chemical or Photochemical Reactions

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe does not remain constant, although the form of the energy may change.

A

FALSE. Energy remains constant

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11
Q

The double-helical DNA molecule contains an _____ for its own replication and repair

A

internal template

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12
Q

The most abundant atom in the human body. What is the percentage?

A

Hydrogen; 63%

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13
Q

Atoms and their percentages in the human body

A

Hydrogen: 63%
Oxygen: 25.5%
Carbon: 9.5%
Nitrogen: 1.4%

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14
Q

Hierarchy of increasing molecular complexity

A

Precursors from the Environment (H2O, CO2, NH3, N2)

Metabolic Intermediates

Building blocks

Macromolecules

Supramolecular Assemblies

Organelle

The cell

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15
Q

Hierarchy of increasing molecular complexity

A

Precursors from the environment
Metabolites
Building Blocks
Macromolecules
Supramolecular Assemblies
Organelle
Cell

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16
Q

Some organic precursors

A

Carbon dioxide
water
ammonia
nitrogen
nitrate

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17
Q

metabolite

A

pyruvate
citrate
succinate
g3p
fructose
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
3 phosphoglyceric acid

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18
Q

Building blocks

A

amino acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides
fatty acids
glycerol

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19
Q

Macromolecules

A

proteins
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
lipids

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20
Q

Supramolecular complexes

A

ribosomes
cytoskeleton
multienzyme complexes

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21
Q

Organelles

A

nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
vacuole

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22
Q

Properties of macromolecules

A

sense of directionality
informational
have characteristic 3D architecture
weak forces maintain biological structure and determine biomolecular interactions

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23
Q

Specific direction of the nucleotides

A

5’ to 3’

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24
Q

In a polypeptide segment, what is the N-terminal?

A

It is located at the right chain. It consists of free amino/amide group

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25
Q

In a polypeptide segment, what is the C-terminal?

A

It is the tail of the segment. It contains carboxylic acid.

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Are lipids polymers?

A

FALSE

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27
Q

Holds atoms together so that molecules are formed.

A

Covalent bonds

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28
Q

They profoundly influence the structures and behaviors of all biological molecules by creating interactions and breaking under physiological conditions.

A

Weak forces

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29
Q

Strength depends on the relative size of the atoms or molecules and the distance between them. The size factor determines the area of contact between two molecules: the greater the area, the stronger the interaction.

A

Van der Waals interactions

30
Q

Relative strength is proportional to the polarity of the H bond donor and H bond acceptor. More polar atoms form stronger H bonds.

A

Hydrogen bonds

31
Q

Strength also depends on the relative polarity of the interacting charged species. Some ionic interactions are also H bonds

A

Ionic interactions

32
Q

H bonds that are also ionic interactions

A

-OOC—
NH3+

33
Q

Force is a complex phenomenon determined by the degree to which the structure of water is disordered as discrete hydrophobic molecules or molecular regions coalesce.

A

Hydrophobic interactions

34
Q

predominant in mammalian membranes

A

cholesterol

35
Q

Found in the membrane of fungi and other unicellular organisms

A

ergosterol

36
Q

A protein ligand that once bound to a receptor, we will get cascade of signaling processes

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-R1)

37
Q

Cells die in what two ways

A

Apoptosis and Necroptosis

38
Q

Type off cell death wherein Casp-8 is present.

A

Apoptosis

39
Q

When Casp-8 is inhibited, the cell will undergo what type of death?

A

Necroptosis

40
Q

Purpose of compartmentalization

A

cellular protection
increased surface area
allowed specialization
requirement for unique macroenvironment
separation of different biochemical processes

41
Q

The _______ needs to be efficiently sealed because once it gets permeated, then cell death can occur.

A

mitochondria

42
Q

Regardless of what kind of signals—whether exogenous or intrinsic, the mechanism occurs are very much analogous and is mediated by what protein channels?

A

Bax/Bak channels

43
Q

cell-death inducing molecule /protein that enables the formation of apoptosome

A

Cytochrome C

44
Q

activates the series of proteases

A

apoptosome

45
Q

where many protein degradation processes take place. it needs to be contained

A

lysosome

46
Q

one of the big drivers of a lot of processes

A

calcium

47
Q

a lot of calcium inside the cell is stored in

A

endroplasmic reticulum

48
Q

Main calcium channels in the Endoplasmic reticulum

A

IP3R (Inositol-phosphate-3 receptor)
RyR (Ryanodine R Receptor)

49
Q

a special receptor that activates Phospholipase C (PLC)

A

G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

50
Q

Phospholipase C catalyzes the breakdown of ______ into _______ and _______

A

Phosphotidylinositol diphosphate (PIP3)

Diacyl Glycerol (DAG)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

51
Q

______ proteins are located at the ER membrane and interacts with another protein found in the plasma membrane. They come into contact with _______ that facilitates the entry of Calcium in the membrane.

A

STIM

Orai protein (facilitates the entry of Ca2+)

52
Q

Why is calcium important for the damaged membranes?

A

Because it is very sensitive to the gradient.

53
Q

Carbohydrates give the following when subjected to hydrolysis

A

polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone

54
Q

Monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group

A

Aldose

55
Q

Monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group

A

Ketose

56
Q

simplest carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

57
Q

simplest aldose

A

aldotriose—glyceraldehyde

58
Q

simplest ketone

A

ketotriose—dihydroxyacetone

59
Q

enantiomers are?

A

nonsuperimposable mirror images

60
Q

Hemiacetals are formed when

A

cyclization occurs from C1 to C5

61
Q

Hemiketals are formed when

A

cyclization occurs from C2 to C5

62
Q

Monosaccharides with one or more hydroxyl groups replaced by hydrogens

A

deoxy sugars

63
Q

The ribose moiety of nucleotides such as ATP and GTP is phosphorylated at what position?

A

5’

64
Q

Two units of D-glucose by an alpha-(1->4)-glycosidic bond. It is formed by hydrolysis of starch

A

Maltose

65
Q

Maltose differs from cellubiose by?

A

The conformation of glycosidic linkage

66
Q

two units of D-glucose joined by a B-(1->4) glycosidic bond

A

cellubiose

67
Q

Made up of one unit of D-galactose and one unit of D-glucose joined by a B-(1->4)-glycosidic bond

A

Lactose

68
Q

sucrose is connected by

A

one unit of D-glucose and one unit of D-fructose joined by an alpha-(1->2)-glycosidic bond

69
Q

a polysaccharide that contains only one kind of monosaccharide

A

homopolysaccharide

70
Q

polysaccharide made of several monosaccharides

A

heteropolysaccharide

71
Q

an exoglycosidase and cleaves a-(1,4) linkages from the non reducing end of the polymer

A

B amylase

72
Q

an endoglycosidase that hydrolyzes a-(1,4) glycosidic linkages anywhere along the chain to produce glucose and mannose

A

alpha amylase

KEMBIO1: Biochemistry 1 (4 decks)

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