LONG EXAM 1 Flashcards by Janelle Kathryn Cruz

The study of the carbon compounds.

Organic Chemistry

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Both cells and the biomolecules of which they are made must have arisen ultimately from very simple molecules such as?

H2O, CH4, CO2, NH3, N2, and H2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All living cells have the same kinds of?

Monomeric Units

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Building blocks of proteins

Amino Acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Polysaccharides consist of?

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lipids are made up of

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Living organisms create and maintain their complex, orderly structures at the expense of _______ from their environment.

Free energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

These reactions are coupled to endergonic processes through shared chemical intermediates, channeling the free energy to do work

Exergonic Chemical or Photochemical Reactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE OR FALSE: In any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe does not remain constant, although the form of the energy may change.

FALSE. Energy remains constant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The double-helical DNA molecule contains an _____ for its own replication and repair

internal template

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The most abundant atom in the human body. What is the percentage?

Hydrogen; 63%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Atoms and their percentages in the human body

Hydrogen: 63%
Oxygen: 25.5%
Carbon: 9.5%
Nitrogen: 1.4%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hierarchy of increasing molecular complexity

Precursors from the Environment (H2O, CO2, NH3, N2)

Metabolic Intermediates

Building blocks

Macromolecules

Supramolecular Assemblies

Organelle

The cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hierarchy of increasing molecular complexity

Precursors from the environment
Metabolites
Building Blocks
Macromolecules
Supramolecular Assemblies
Organelle
Cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some organic precursors

Carbon dioxide
water
ammonia
nitrogen
nitrate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

metabolite

pyruvate
citrate
succinate
g3p
fructose
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
3 phosphoglyceric acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Building blocks

amino acids
nucleotides
monosaccharides
fatty acids
glycerol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Macromolecules

proteins
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
lipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Supramolecular complexes

ribosomes
cytoskeleton
multienzyme complexes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organelles

nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplasts
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
vacuole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Properties of macromolecules

sense of directionality
informational
have characteristic 3D architecture
weak forces maintain biological structure and determine biomolecular interactions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Specific direction of the nucleotides

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In a polypeptide segment, what is the N-terminal?

It is located at the right chain. It consists of free amino/amide group

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In a polypeptide segment, what is the C-terminal?

It is the tail of the segment. It contains carboxylic acid.

TRUE OR FALSE: Are lipids polymers?

FALSE

Holds atoms together so that molecules are formed.

Covalent bonds

They profoundly influence the structures and behaviors of all biological molecules by creating interactions and breaking under physiological conditions.

Weak forces

Strength depends on the relative size of the atoms or molecules and the distance between them. The size factor determines the area of contact between two molecules: the greater the area, the stronger the interaction.

Van der Waals interactions

Relative strength is proportional to the polarity of the H bond donor and H bond acceptor. More polar atoms form stronger H bonds.

Hydrogen bonds

Strength also depends on the relative polarity of the interacting charged species. Some ionic interactions are also H bonds

Ionic interactions

H bonds that are also ionic interactions

-OOC— NH3+

Force is a complex phenomenon determined by the degree to which the structure of water is disordered as discrete hydrophobic molecules or molecular regions coalesce.

Hydrophobic interactions

predominant in mammalian membranes

cholesterol

Found in the membrane of fungi and other unicellular organisms

ergosterol

A protein ligand that once bound to a receptor, we will get cascade of signaling processes

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-R1)

Cells die in what two ways

Apoptosis and Necroptosis

Type off cell death wherein Casp-8 is present.

Apoptosis

When Casp-8 is inhibited, the cell will undergo what type of death?

Necroptosis

Purpose of compartmentalization

cellular protection increased surface area allowed specialization requirement for unique macroenvironment separation of different biochemical processes

The _______ needs to be efficiently sealed because once it gets permeated, then cell death can occur.

mitochondria

Regardless of what kind of signals—whether exogenous or intrinsic, the mechanism occurs are very much analogous and is mediated by what protein channels?

Bax/Bak channels

cell-death inducing molecule /protein that enables the formation of apoptosome

Cytochrome C

activates the series of proteases

apoptosome

where many protein degradation processes take place. it needs to be contained

lysosome

one of the big drivers of a lot of processes

calcium

a lot of calcium inside the cell is stored in

endroplasmic reticulum

Main calcium channels in the Endoplasmic reticulum

IP3R (Inositol-phosphate-3 receptor) RyR (Ryanodine R Receptor)

a special receptor that activates Phospholipase C (PLC)

G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

Phospholipase C catalyzes the breakdown of ______ into _______ and _______

Phosphotidylinositol diphosphate (PIP3) Diacyl Glycerol (DAG) Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

______ proteins are located at the ER membrane and interacts with another protein found in the plasma membrane. They come into contact with _______ that facilitates the entry of Calcium in the membrane.

STIM Orai protein (facilitates the entry of Ca2+)

Why is calcium important for the damaged membranes?

Because it is very sensitive to the gradient.

Carbohydrates give the following when subjected to hydrolysis

polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone

Monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group

Aldose

Monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group

Ketose

simplest carbohydrates

monosaccharides

simplest aldose

aldotriose—glyceraldehyde

simplest ketone

ketotriose—dihydroxyacetone

enantiomers are?

nonsuperimposable mirror images

Hemiacetals are formed when

cyclization occurs from C1 to C5

Hemiketals are formed when

cyclization occurs from C2 to C5

Monosaccharides with one or more hydroxyl groups replaced by hydrogens

deoxy sugars

The ribose moiety of nucleotides such as ATP and GTP is phosphorylated at what position?

5’

Two units of D-glucose by an alpha-(1->4)-glycosidic bond. It is formed by hydrolysis of starch

Maltose

Maltose differs from cellubiose by?

The conformation of glycosidic linkage

two units of D-glucose joined by a B-(1->4) glycosidic bond

cellubiose

Made up of one unit of D-galactose and one unit of D-glucose joined by a B-(1->4)-glycosidic bond

Lactose

sucrose is connected by

one unit of D-glucose and one unit of D-fructose joined by an alpha-(1->2)-glycosidic bond

a polysaccharide that contains only one kind of monosaccharide

homopolysaccharide

polysaccharide made of several monosaccharides

heteropolysaccharide

an exoglycosidase and cleaves a-(1,4) linkages from the non reducing end of the polymer

B amylase

an endoglycosidase that hydrolyzes a-(1,4) glycosidic linkages anywhere along the chain to produce glucose and mannose

alpha amylase