London - Booklet 1 Flashcards
Define population density
The number of people in a specific area
Define population distribution
The way in which people are arranged or spread out over a geographic area
Population of London
8.9 million - as of 2022
What percentage of Londoners are Black and Minority Ethnic?
46%
Sustainability
The use of resources which meets the needs of the current generation whilst preserving resources for future generations
Give three national importances of London:
- Major population increase - 47,000 babies were born in London in 2020
- 5.8 million jobs in London
- Londoners earn 23% more than UK average
Give three international importances of London:
- 3rd most visited city in the world (2019) - world tourism
- Several major global airports - Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, City and London
- 6th largest economy globally
Define migration
When people move from one area to another
Define immigration
The process by which people come INTO a foreign country to live there
Define emigration
The act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently in another
What is an internal migrant?
A person who moved from one defined area to another, within the same general region
What is an international migrant?
Any person who changes their country of usual residence
Gentrificaiton
A process of housing improvement associated with a change in neighbourhood composition - lower income groups are displaced by more affluent people
Give three reasons for the change in London’s population over the years
- Internal migration has been negative, with more people moving out than into the city
- International migration has been positive, so more foreign people moving in than out
- Natural change has been positive
Define natural change
When the birth rate exceeds the death rate
How many people did London gain during the period of 2008-2013?
Gain of 100,000 from 2008-2013
Where - relative the wider city - is Shoreditch located?
An inner city district in East End of London and modern Central London, all within the Borough of Hackney
Define cultural mix
When people from different communities and cultures live in close proximity to one another.
Define multicultural society
When several different ethnic, racial, religious or cultural groups coexist harmoniously in the same society
What is an integrated transport system?
When all different forms of transport are linked to one another
What is urban greening?
The process in which the amount of green space within a city is increased
What is the total amount of GREEN space in London?
38%
What is the total amount of BUILT space in London?
30%
How does London provide for urban greening?
- Rooftop gardens
- Ensuring major building projects consider inclusion of a green space
- Offering green spaces to public - Primrose Hill, Hampstead Heath etc
Define urban deprivation
When the standard of living falls below that of wider society
Define urban decline
The deterioration of the inner city caused by a lack of investment and funding.
Define rural-urban fringe
A zone of transition between a built-up area and the countryside
What is a greenfield site?
A site which has never been built on previously
Define urban sprawl
Outwards growth of an urban area - often caused by building on greenfield sites
What is a brownfield site?
Land which has been previously used, abandoned and now awaits new use - commonly found in urban areas
What is the green belt?
The green belt is a designated ring of land around London which cannot be built on
What is a stakeholder?
A person who has something to lose or gain from a decision
How many premature deaths are caused by pollution a year in London?
Roughly 4,000 premature deaths
Give four strategies implemented to try to reduce air pollution
- Free app called London Air which informs people about pollution levels
- Heading towards electric and hybrid buses
- Daily congestion charge of £11.50 in central London
- Cycle super highways
Define regeneration
The revival of old parts of the built up area
Define renewal
The development of the interior of an existing building
Define redevelopment
Knocking down buildings and starting again afresh
Give three reasons why the Docklands needed regeneration
- Government policy favoured growth of industries outside of London
- Many of the 19th century houses surrounding needed repair
- Containerisation resulted in a drop in workers
Give three benefits the regeneration of the Docklands has brought to the area
- The DLR is now connected to the Underground
- 16.130 hectares of open space was created
- Newham council concentrated on providing low cost housing
What is a sustainable city
- An urban area where residents have a way of life which uses resources to meet current and future needs
What is East Village?
The former athlete’s village from the 2012 London Olympics.
How many homes were created by East Village?
2,818 homes
Give two SOCIAL factors why East Village can be considered a sustainable community
- Aquatics centre now open for public use
- New green spaces and meeting points open to public
Give two ECONOMIC factors why East Village can be considered a sustainable community
- Adjacent Westfield shopping centre built - increased revenue
- £10bn extra income to UK economy
Give two ENVIRONMENTAL factors why East Village can be considered a sustainable community
- Open green spaces
- Houses are built with better insulation and cladding - heating is more effective because of less energy lost through walls + windows etc
When was the London Congestion Charge introduced?
February 2003
Give two advantages of the congestion zone
- Decreased traffic by 15%
- Reduced congestion - thus, air pollution decreases
Give two disadvantages of the congestion zone
- Can slow footfall into surrounding shops and businesses
- Some people cannot afford - limiting commuting to work etc - cost of living crisis
Give two advantages of the Boris Bike scheme
- Extremely environmentally friendly
- Improves public health
Give two disadvantages of the Boris Bike scheme
- Maintenance costs
- Could be more dangerous than cars?
When was the Boris Bike scheme implemented?
July 2010 by Boris Johnson
Give two benefits of the public transport systems in London
- Easily accessed as are interconnected
- Affordable and environmentally friendly
