lol

Question 1

subcallosal area

Answer 1

projections to the amygdala that are involved in the suppression of amygdala responsiveness to fearful cues; autonomic functions (HR, BP, stress hormones; socially appropriate interactions)

Question 2

cingulate gyrus

Answer 2

emotional processing and regulation

Question 3

parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 3

memory encoding (especially spatial memory) and retrieval

Question 4

uncus

Answer 4

olfactory processing and processing of emotions and emotional regulation

Question 5

hippocampal formation

Answer 5

key role in declarative memory formation

Question 6

prefrontal & orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 6

conscious perception of emotions and emotional regulation

Question 7

amygdala

Answer 7

formation of emotional memories; basic drives

Question 8

septal nuclei

Answer 8

involved in reward circuitry

Question 9

nucleus accumbens & substantia innominata

Answer 9

part of limbic loop (reward circuitry)

Question 10

hypothalamic nuclei (especially in mammillary region)

Answer 10

important role in producing the visceral responses to emotions

Question 11

midbrain (VTA)

Answer 11

important source of dopamine for reward circuit

Question 12

thalamic and habenular nuclei

Answer 12

thalamic nuclei integrate and gate information flow to cortex

habenular nuclei play a role in control of emotional and social behaviors relative to pain, stress, and anxiety, and play a role in sleep

Question 13

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)

Answer 13

involved in goal representation and attentional control

helps resist temptation in order to meet long term goals (self control)

stores emotional memories used in decision making

Question 14

venteromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

Answer 14

assigns value to emotional inputs during decision making

plays a role in risk assessment, decision making, social judgements, and self control

Question 15

orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Answer 15

processes information about rewards from the environment

involved in developing preferences and choosing between options

inhibits inappropriate actions (delay of gratification)

Question 16

posterior insula

Answer 16

monitors interoceptive information from the viscera and can send this information to the anterior insula; creates a body-based “feeling state”

Question 16

anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Answer 16

detects conflict during problem solving and in new situations

helps to prioritize attention, make choices, and predict consequences

uses information from cortex & limbic areas to inform decision making and action selection

helps calculate cost-benefit analysis (is the effort worth the reward)

Question 17

anterior insula

Answer 17

constructs a representation of how one feels

integrates information from the posterior insula with contextual information (environment, task, people) to make emotional judgements (trust, anxiety, empathy)

creates a global “feeling state” that guides decision making

Question 18

amygdala

Answer 18

receives sensory information from the thalamus and sends emotional information to cortical areas

creates emotional associations with stimuli in the environment

Question 19

hypothalamus

Answer 19

regulates biological functions and responds to natural rewards (food)

regulates the endocrine system (pituitary gland) and the ANS

produces visceral responses to emotions

Question 20

ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Answer 20

pleasure center of the brain

activated by things we like, want, value, prefer, and enjoy

receives dopaminergic input from the VTA - mesolimbic pathway

Question 21

ventral palladium (substantia innominate)

Answer 21

receives input form the ventral striatum and other rewards-related areas

translates reward related motivation signals from the limbic system into motor output

Question 22

mesocorticolimbic pathway

Answer 22

mesolimbic projections: VTA –> nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus (dopamine pathway appraises the amount of reward a stimulus provides)

mesocortical projections: VTA –> PFC (orbitofrontal cortex) (dopamine pathway brings awareness to stimuli that produced past rewards and promotes goal directed behaviors to seek out rewarding stimuli)

Question 23

orbitofrontal-striatal circut

Answer 23

circuit between PFC (orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral PFC) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

helps with choice of large delayed reward over small immediate reward

delayed gratification

Question 24

ventromedial prefrontal - amygdala pathway

Answer 24

important for value-based decision making and rewards processing

vmPFC can suppress fear responses from the amygdala

pathway implicated in PTSD

receiving feedback about failure may decrease vmPFC activation; however, making choices based on one’s preferences during a task can help maintain vm PFC activation even when receiving failure feedback, leading to improved performance

Question 25

anterior insula - anterior cingulate cortex circuit

Answer 25

awareness of emotions (anterior insula) is used to make decisions about actions based on anticipated consequences (anterior cingulate cortex)

Question 26

Volition

Answer 26

mental control over an action/ongoing effort to sustain motivated action

ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX is involved in exerting mental control and problem solving

premotor and supplementary motor areas are activated in preparation for volitional actions

Question 27

self regulation/goals

Answer 27

prefrontal cortex generates goals and intentions

DORSOLATERAL PFC is involved in pursuing long term goals

ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX involved in monitoring conflict, integrating emotions, and making decisions about changing course of action

Question 28

extrinsic motivation (incentive motivation)

Answer 28

engaging in behavior bc it leads to some separate consequences like gaining a reward

ORBITOFRONTAL STRIATAL CIRCUIT and ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX helps determine if the reward is worth the effort

providing extrinsic rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation

Question 29

intrinsic motivation

Answer 29

doing a behavior bc activity itself is interesting and spontaneously satisfying

ANTERIOR INSULA is activated by intrinsic rewards

Question 30

basic psychosocial needs (supports intrinsic motivation)

Answer 30

competence, autonomy, relatedness

ANTERIOR INSULA and rewards system are involved

Question 31

autonomous self-regulation

Answer 31

volition decision making that are based on one’s sense of autonomy

activates VENTROMEDIAL PFC

can help resolve conflicts in the anterior cingulate cortex

associated w. VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL AMYGDALA PATHEWYA