lol Flashcards
subcallosal area
projections to the amygdala that are involved in the suppression of amygdala responsiveness to fearful cues; autonomic functions (HR, BP, stress hormones; socially appropriate interactions)
cingulate gyrus
emotional processing and regulation
parahippocampal gyrus
memory encoding (especially spatial memory) and retrieval
uncus
olfactory processing and processing of emotions and emotional regulation
hippocampal formation
key role in declarative memory formation
prefrontal & orbitofrontal cortex
conscious perception of emotions and emotional regulation
amygdala
formation of emotional memories; basic drives
septal nuclei
involved in reward circuitry
nucleus accumbens & substantia innominata
part of limbic loop (reward circuitry)
hypothalamic nuclei (especially in mammillary region)
important role in producing the visceral responses to emotions
midbrain (VTA)
important source of dopamine for reward circuit
thalamic and habenular nuclei
thalamic nuclei integrate and gate information flow to cortex
habenular nuclei play a role in control of emotional and social behaviors relative to pain, stress, and anxiety, and play a role in sleep
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC)
involved in goal representation and attentional control
helps resist temptation in order to meet long term goals (self control)
stores emotional memories used in decision making
venteromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
assigns value to emotional inputs during decision making
plays a role in risk assessment, decision making, social judgements, and self control
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
processes information about rewards from the environment
involved in developing preferences and choosing between options
inhibits inappropriate actions (delay of gratification)
posterior insula
monitors interoceptive information from the viscera and can send this information to the anterior insula; creates a body-based “feeling state”
anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
detects conflict during problem solving and in new situations
helps to prioritize attention, make choices, and predict consequences
uses information from cortex & limbic areas to inform decision making and action selection
helps calculate cost-benefit analysis (is the effort worth the reward)
anterior insula
constructs a representation of how one feels
integrates information from the posterior insula with contextual information (environment, task, people) to make emotional judgements (trust, anxiety, empathy)
creates a global “feeling state” that guides decision making
amygdala
receives sensory information from the thalamus and sends emotional information to cortical areas
creates emotional associations with stimuli in the environment
hypothalamus
regulates biological functions and responds to natural rewards (food)
regulates the endocrine system (pituitary gland) and the ANS
produces visceral responses to emotions
ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
pleasure center of the brain
activated by things we like, want, value, prefer, and enjoy
receives dopaminergic input from the VTA - mesolimbic pathway
ventral palladium (substantia innominate)
receives input form the ventral striatum and other rewards-related areas
translates reward related motivation signals from the limbic system into motor output
mesocorticolimbic pathway
mesolimbic projections: VTA –> nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus (dopamine pathway appraises the amount of reward a stimulus provides)
mesocortical projections: VTA –> PFC (orbitofrontal cortex) (dopamine pathway brings awareness to stimuli that produced past rewards and promotes goal directed behaviors to seek out rewarding stimuli)
orbitofrontal-striatal circut
circuit between PFC (orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral PFC) and the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
helps with choice of large delayed reward over small immediate reward
delayed gratification
ventromedial prefrontal - amygdala pathway
important for value-based decision making and rewards processing
vmPFC can suppress fear responses from the amygdala
pathway implicated in PTSD
receiving feedback about failure may decrease vmPFC activation; however, making choices based on one’s preferences during a task can help maintain vm PFC activation even when receiving failure feedback, leading to improved performance
anterior insula - anterior cingulate cortex circuit
awareness of emotions (anterior insula) is used to make decisions about actions based on anticipated consequences (anterior cingulate cortex)
Volition
mental control over an action/ongoing effort to sustain motivated action
ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX is involved in exerting mental control and problem solving
premotor and supplementary motor areas are activated in preparation for volitional actions
self regulation/goals
prefrontal cortex generates goals and intentions
DORSOLATERAL PFC is involved in pursuing long term goals
ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX involved in monitoring conflict, integrating emotions, and making decisions about changing course of action
extrinsic motivation (incentive motivation)
engaging in behavior bc it leads to some separate consequences like gaining a reward
ORBITOFRONTAL STRIATAL CIRCUIT and ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX helps determine if the reward is worth the effort
providing extrinsic rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation
doing a behavior bc activity itself is interesting and spontaneously satisfying
ANTERIOR INSULA is activated by intrinsic rewards
basic psychosocial needs (supports intrinsic motivation)
competence, autonomy, relatedness
ANTERIOR INSULA and rewards system are involved
autonomous self-regulation
volition decision making that are based on one’s sense of autonomy
activates VENTROMEDIAL PFC
can help resolve conflicts in the anterior cingulate cortex
associated w. VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL AMYGDALA PATHEWYA
