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MONTH 4- Bordeaux, Loire Valley > Loire Valley > Flashcards

Loire Valley Flashcards

1
Q

The Loire is France’s ___ river and the last ___ river in Europe.

A

longest, wild

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2
Q

The Loire Valley runs from where to where?

A

629 mile-long path, headwaters in the Massif Central to its mouth on the Atlantic Coast

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3
Q

Where is Cab Franc from in origin?

A

Basque country

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4
Q

The Loire Valley produces more ___ than any other French region

A

white wine

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5
Q

The Loire is second only to ___ in sparkling wine production

A

Champagne

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6
Q

Name the white varietals of the Loire

A

Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Melon de Bourgogne, Chardonnay, Orbois, Romorantin, Gros Plant (Folle Blanche), and Chasselas

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7
Q

Name the red varietals of the Loire

A

Cabernet Franc (Breton), Pinot Noir, Gamay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec (Cot), Pineau d’Aunis, and Groslot (Grolleau)

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8
Q

What is the climate of the Pays Nantais?

A

a cool, wet maritime region

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9
Q

What 4 AOPs exist for Melon de Bourgogne?

A
  1. Muscadet
  2. Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire
  3. Muscadet Côtes de Grandlieu
  4. Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine
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10
Q

Where does Pays Nantais extend?

A

from the south toward the northeast of the city of Nantes near the Atlantic coast

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11
Q

To ensure lighter, fresher character, Muscadet wines show best at what?

A

12% abv or below

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12
Q

All Muscadet wines may include what geographical designation on the label?

A

“Val de Loire”

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13
Q

For “Sur Lie” Muscadet, what are the ageing requirements?

A

must be kept on its lees (in either tank or barrel) after fermentation until at least March 1 of the year following the harvest

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14
Q

When is Muscadet bottled off its fine lees?

A

between March 1 and November 30 of the year following the harvest, and not marketed until at least March 8

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15
Q

What are the principal soils of the Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine subzones?

A

Clisson: Granite
Gorges: Clay and gabbro (igneous rock)
Le Pallet: Gneiss, quartz, and gabbro

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16
Q

What are the subzones of Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine?

A

Clisson, Gorges, Le Pallet

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17
Q

What is the basic appellation for Melon de Bourgogne?

A

Muscadet AOP (seldom used)

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18
Q

What wines account for over 80% of Muscadet production?

A

Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine

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19
Q

Where are Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine wines sourced from?

A

a collection of 23 communes near the confluence of the Sèvre and Maine Rivers

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20
Q

In order to label Muscadet as sur lie, the wine must originate from where?

A

land qualifying for one of the three sub-appellations

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21
Q

How are Sur lie wines aged?

A

on their lees over the winter, and are bottled directly off the fine lees (without filtering) between March 1 and November 30 of the year following the harvest

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22
Q

What does the Sur lie process add?

A

complexity, richness and a slight sparkle to the finished wines

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23
Q

Describe Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOP

A

more northerly appellation, and the wines are correspondingly leaner. In warmer vintages the area is an excellent source

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24
Q

Describe Muscadet Côtes de Grandlieu AOP

A

the newest AOP (1994), The wines struggle to achieve quality beyond basic Muscadet

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25
Q

What is “Hermine d’Or?”

A

an unofficial label term that promotes terroir and stresses age-ability

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26
Q

What was the purpose of adopting the term “Hermine d’Or?”

A

producers in Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine are striving to create a badge of quality for the better wines.

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27
Q

What producer pioneered “Hermine d’Or?”

A

Guy Bossard

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28
Q

What was proposed in 2001 in Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine?

A

A Cru Communaux designation, requiring eligible wines from specified schist soils to spend a min 18 months sur lie (longer than “sur lie” term allows)

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29
Q

In 2011, the Cru Communaux designation proposal bore what fruit?

A

the introduction of 3 subzones for Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine: Clisson, Le Pallet, and Gorges

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30
Q

The subzones of Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine may not include what on the label?

A

“sur lie” since the minimum length of aging for each subzone is too high

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31
Q

Wines from the subzones of Muscadet Sèvre-et-Maine may what?

A

be destined to become some of the finest expressions of the Melon grape available

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32
Q

With the elimination of the VDQS tier in 2011, what 3 new regions in Pays Nantais gained AOC status?

A
  1. Gros Plant du Pays Nantais
  2. Coteaux d’Ancenis
  3. Fiefs Vendéens
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33
Q

Like Muscadet, Gros Plant may be produced as what?

A

a sur lie wine, but it will require some serious effort on the part of the region’s producers to improve perceptions, lees aging or not

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34
Q

What is the Encépagement for Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOP?

A

70% Folle Blanche (Gros Plant); plus Montils & max. 10% Colombard

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35
Q

What styles are allowed in Coteaux d’Ancenis AOP?

A

Blanc, Rosé, Rouge and Varietal-Labeled “Malvoisie”

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36
Q

Encépagement for Blanc Coteaux d’Ancenis AOP?

A

100% Pinot Gris

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37
Q

Encépagement for Rosé Coteaux d’Ancenis AOP?

A

100% Gamay

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38
Q

Encépagement for Rouge Coteaux d’Ancenis AOP?

A

100% Gamay

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39
Q

Encépagement for Varietal-Labeled “Malvoisie” Coteaux d’Ancenis AOP?

A

100% Pinot Gris

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40
Q

Encépagement for Fiefs Vendéens AOP Blanc?

A 
(Min. 60%): Chenin Blanc
Complementary Varieties (Min. 10% combined): Chardonnay (Grolleau Gris in Brem, and Sauvignon Blanc in Vix)
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41
Q

Encépagement for Fiefs Vendéens AOP Rosé?

A

(Min. 80%): Gamay and PN (Brem and Chantonnay require a min. 50% PN and a min. 30% Gamay. In Mareuil, Pissotte, and Vix requires a min. 50% Gamay and a min. 30% PN.)
Accessory Varieties: CF, CS, Négrette (Grolleau Gris in Brem)

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42
Q

Encépagement for Fiefs Vendéens AOP Rouge?

A

CF, Négrette, PN (Brem and Pissotte requires a min. 50% PN and a min. 20% CF. Chantonnay, Mareuil, and Vix require a min. 50% CF, and a min. 20% PN, Négrette is always at a min. 10%.)
Accessory Varieties: CS, Gamay

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43
Q

Between the Pays Nantais and Touraine lies what?

A

the Loire’s largest, most diverse and most dynamic region, Anjou

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44
Q

Although Anjou and Saumur are often considered collectively, where does Saumur lie?

A

Saumur is an eastern sub-region of Anjou, adjacent to Chinon in Touraine.

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45
Q

What is the Loire’s center for sparkling wine production?

A

Saumur

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46
Q

Anjou produces both sweet and dry interpretations of what?

A

Chenin Blanc

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47
Q

What is Chenin Blanc known locally as in Anjou?

A

Pineau de la Loire.

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48
Q

What is 45% of Anjou’s total production devoted to?

A

rosé, a blended wine dominated by Grolleau grapes

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49
Q

Nearly one third of Anjou’s plantings are what?

A

Cabernet Franc, with the resulting red wines achieving a higher quality than in the past

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50
Q

What is Anjout AOP a designation for?

A

red, white, and sparkling wines

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51
Q

Many Saumur wines may be bottled as __ AOP, but not what?

A

Anjou, vice versa.

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52
Q

Describe how Chenin Blanc performs in Anjou?

A

slow to ripen, in northerly climates like Anjou the grape will maintain its persistent, high acidity in the finished wine

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53
Q

What is also common in Anjou blanc?

A

Astringency from high levels of extract

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54
Q

Anjou Blanc AOP dry wines tend toward what?

A

aggressive acidity and bitterness

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55
Q

the best wines of Savennières AOP develop what?

A

great complexity and honeyed richness with age

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56
Q

Desribe Savennières AOP wines

A

Produced from 100% Chenin Blanc and generally dry, the wines of Savennières are austere and rigid in their youth.

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57
Q

Where does Savennières AOP lie?

A

On the north bank of the Loire, enjoys a steep southern exposure

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58
Q

What is the unique soil structure of Savennières AOP?

A

blue schist mixed with volcanic debris

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59
Q

What 2 sub-appellations, long regarded as unofficial grands crus, finally received their own AOCs in 2011?

A

Roche aux Moines and Coulée de Serrant (a monopole of the rigidly biodynamic Nicolas Joly)

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60
Q

South of Angers and the Loire, Chenin Blanc is harvested later in the season as producers hope for what?

A

botrytis in the sweet wine districts

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61
Q

What are the sweet wine districts south of Angers?

A

Coteaux du Layon AOP

Coteaux de l’Aubance AOP

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62
Q

What is mandatory in Coteaux du Layon AOP and Coteaux de l’Aubance AOP?

A

Harvesting in tries (multiple passes through the vineyard), resulting in either healthy grapes with pure late-harvest flavors or the selection of grapes gripped by noble rot

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63
Q

What is the min RS in Coteaux du Layon AOP and Coteaux de l’Aubance AOP?

A

34 grams per liter (vs. 45g/g in Sauternes)

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64
Q

Within Coteaux du Layon, what AOPs are noteworthy for the high quality of their botrytised sweet wines?

A

Bonnezeaux AOP and Quarts de Chaume AOP

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65
Q

Bonnezeaux AOP enjoys what?

A

south-facing aspects in the commune of Thouarcé

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66
Q

Quarts de Chaume AOP enjoys what?

A

south-facing aspects in the commune of Rochefort-sur-Loire

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67
Q

Quarts de Chaume AOP is entitled to what moniker from the 2010 harvest forward?

A

“grand cru”

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68
Q

Quarts de Chaume AOP consists of what?

A

a small band of sandstone and schist hillsides on the banks of the Layon River

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69
Q

How does the climate of Quarts de Chaume AOP contribute to the wines?

A

Protected from the prevailing winds and touched by morning mists streaming from the Layon, the small appellation is a good incubator for pourriture noble, and, like Sauternes, its regulations require manual harvests to be conducted in successive tries

70
Q

What is the size of Quarts de Chaume AOP?

A

54 ha, just a few hectares larger than Burgundy’s Clos de Vougeot AOP

71
Q

What is the total production of Quarts de Chaume AOP?

A

under 10,000 cases of wine a year!

72
Q

Name some good producers of Quarts de Chaume

A

Domaine des Baumard and Château Pierre-Bise (both also highly regarded producers of Savennières)

73
Q

What is one of the most respected estates in Bonnezeaux?

A

Château des Fesles

74
Q

Describe Bonnezeaux

A

a larger AOP that is often actually harder to find in the marketplace

75
Q

What 7 villages are entitled to add their names to the basic Coteaux du Layon AOP?

A
  1. Beaulieu-sur-Layon
  2. Rochefort-sur-Loire
  3. Faye d’Anjou
  4. St-Lambert du Lattay
  5. St-Aubin de Luigné
  6. Rablay-sur-Layon
  7. Chaume
76
Q

Coteaux du Layon AOP wines labeled by village must what?

A

reach higher min must weights and harvested at lower max yields

77
Q

Due to vociferous complaints by the producers of Quarts du Chaume, the Chaume/Chaume Premier Cru appellation was what?

A

in 2009, sent back into the fold of Coteaux du Layon AOP

78
Q

The wines of Chaume were/are what?

A

At a min 80 g/l of RS, are exceptionally rich

79
Q

In 2011, with the approval of grand cru status for Quarts du Chaume, opposition relented and the INAO again bestowed what?

A

the status of premier cru on wines from the commune of Chaume

80
Q

While the Cabernet Franc-based wines of Anjou AOP are good values, ___ AOP, a red wine-only appellation, provides some of the region’s finest.

A

Anjou-Villages

81
Q

Anjou-Villages producers typically bolster Cabernet Franc with what?

A

a proportion of Cabernet Sauvignon, resulting in sturdier and fuller wines

82
Q

What is Anjou Villages Brissac AOP?

A

a more recent red wine appellation, covers the same ten communes that are authorized for Coteaux de l’Aubance

83
Q

Gamay gives Anjou’s lightest reds (Anjou Gamay varietal wines), but the grape may not be blended in what?

A

standard Anjou rouge bottlings

84
Q

Saumur AOP covers what?

A

red, dry white, and sparkling white/rosé wines

85
Q

Although regulations call for a move to pure Chenin Blanc wines in the future, Saumur whites may currently contain what?

A

a combined optional addition of up to 20% Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc—a recipe indentical to Anjou Blanc

86
Q

What is the blend for Saumur Rouge wines?

A

Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Pineau d’Aunis.

87
Q

What is not authorized in Saumur?

A

Rosé wines

88
Q

Over half of Saumur’s grapes are destined for what?

A

Saumur AOP sparkling wines or méthode traditionnelle Crémant de Loire AOP

89
Q

The promising Crémant de Loire AOP allows what?

A

blending across Touraine and Anjou-Saumur while permitting fewer restrictions on grape usage

90
Q

What are the soils of Saumur?

A

soft tuffeau limestone soils, resemble those of Touraine

91
Q

What is the soil like in the Saumur commune of of Champigny—the “field of fire”?

A

limestone is harder, iron-rich and inflected with shale

92
Q

Describe the wines of Saumur-Champigny

A

light, bright and elegantly floral expression of Cabernet Franc

93
Q

What 8 surrounding villages may produce the red wine Saumur-Champigny?

A
  1. Chacé
  2. Montsoreau
  3. Parnay
  4. Saint-Cyr-en-Bourg
  5. Saumur
  6. Souzay-Champigny
  7. Turquant
  8. Varrains
94
Q

What achieved AOC/AOP status in late 2011 with the dissolution of the VDQS category?

A

Haut-Poitou, about 50 miles due south of Chinon and the eastern edge of Saumur

95
Q

Describe the wines of Haut-Poitou

A

Whites from mainly SB and Sauv Gris, Reds from CF (mainly) with Gamay more, Gamay de Bouze, Gamay de Chaudenay, Merlot, Pinot Black, Rose from CF, plus Pinot Black and Gamay

96
Q

While both Anjou-Villages and Saumur-Champigny can produce attractive, expressive reds, the Loire’s best and most ageworthy red wine has historically been produced where?

A

in the two regions of Chinon and Bourgueil in Touraine

97
Q

Describe the red wines of Touraine

A

Brimming with raspberry and green tobacco aromatics and framed by silky tannin, the wines demonstrate remarkable terroir distinctions—especially in Chinon

98
Q

Chinon soils are broadly divided into what 3 types?

A

tuffeau, clay, and varennes

99
Q

Describe the varennes soil type of Chinon

A

sandy, alluvial varennes soils are closest to the river Vienne (a Loire tributary)

100
Q

Where is tuffeau most common in Chinon?

A

on the slopes

101
Q

Describe the “vins de tuffe” of Chinon

A

originating from the limestone south-facing slopes, they carry the most promise for depth and ageworthiness

102
Q

Like Chinon, Bourgueil soils are divided between what?

A

sand and limestone

103
Q

St-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil is situated almost wholly on what?

A

lighter alluvial soils, with a corresponding lighter style of wine

104
Q

Chinon, Bourgueil and St-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil permit the addition of what?

A

up to 10% Cabernet Sauvignon

105
Q

Bourgueil and St-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil offer only what?

A

red and rosé wines

106
Q

Chinon produces a small amount of __ wine from ___

A

white, Chenin Blanc

107
Q

Further upstream from Touraine, what communes lie on opposing banks of the Loire?

A

Vouvray and Montlouis-sur-Loire

108
Q

What is Touraine’s largest and most important white wine district?

A

Vouvray AOP

109
Q

What provided soft material for excavation, resulting in an impressive network of cellar tunnels running underneath Vouvray?

A

The tuffeau limestone subsoil of Vouvray

110
Q

What are the 8 Communes of Production for Vouvray?

A
  1. Chançay
  2. Noizay
  3. Parçay-Meslay
  4. Reugny
  5. Rochecorbon
  6. Tours
  7. Vernou-sur-Brenne
  8. Vouvray
111
Q

Vouvray blanc must be what?

A

min 95% Chenin Blanc, plus a max. 5% Orbois

112
Q

What is also produced in Vouvray?

A

vin Mousseux/Pétillant

113
Q

What are the Sparkling Wine Requirements for Vouvray?

A

Traditional Method secondary Fermentation and wines may not be released until 12 months after the date of tirage.

114
Q

What is a synonym for the local, rustic Orbois grape?

A

Menu Pineau

115
Q

Vouvray may be produced in what range of sweetness levels?

A

sec, sec-tendre (off-dry), demi-sec, moelleux, and liquereux

116
Q

The final decision on residual sugar is usually a response to what?

A

the vagaries of each vintage, rather than a consistent stylistic choice

117
Q

Why do some Vouvray producers also choose to make a sparkling wine?

A

it can be a successful strategy in cooler years

118
Q

Describe the wines of Montlouis-sur-Loire AOP

A

formerly part of Vouvray, are very similar in style and may be made across the same spectrum of styles

119
Q

What is not permitted in Montlouis-sur-Loire?

A

Orbois

120
Q

As a whole, the Touraine AOP can produce what?

A

charming—but just as often generic—wines from the local grapes

121
Q

While Chenin Blanc currently dominates Touraine white wines, a new encépagement mandates what?

A

Sauvignon Blanc and a max 20% Sauvignon Gris, replacing the older style entirely by 2016

122
Q

Red and rosé varieties include (but are not limited to) what in Touraine?

A

Gamay, Groslot, Pineau d’Aunis and Cabernet Franc

123
Q

The Gamay bottlings of Touraine are often sold locally as what?

A

primeur, in the style of Beaujolais nouveau

124
Q

In recognition of their superior wines, what 5 villages are allowed to add their name to the basic Touraine appellation?

A
  1. Mesland
  2. Azay-le-Rideau
  3. Amboise
  4. Oisly
  5. Chenonceaux
125
Q

What is also made in Touraine AOP?

A

pétillant and mousseux wines

126
Q

Describe Touraine Noble-Joué AOP

A

Created in 2001, recreates a historical style of vin gris, a blend of Gris Meunier (Pinot Meunier), Malvosie (Pinot Gris), and Pinot Noir

127
Q

Several __ appellations exist in Touraine

A

outlying

128
Q

North of the Loire Valley is the awkwardly named __ tributary and the ____ AOP.

A

Loir, Coteaux du Loir AOP

129
Q

Describe Coteaux du Loir AOP

A

red blends and rosés are based on Pineau d’Aunis and the white wines are exclusively produced from Chenin Blanc

130
Q

Chenin Blanc alone is bottled as what in the Coteaux du Loir AOP?

A

Jasnières AOP, a sub-appellation and source of the Coteaux du Loir’s best wines

131
Q

Chenin Blanc from Jasnières is similar in style to what?

A

Vouvray, yet often more green & herbaceous

132
Q

Northeast of the Coteaux du Loir is what?

A

Coteaux du Vendômois AOP

133
Q

Describe Coteaux du Vendômois AOP

A

newer AOP specializing in dry rosés of Pineau d’Aunis

134
Q

Cheverny AOP and Cour-Cheverny AOP lie where?

A

on the eastern edge of Touraine

135
Q

Cheverny’s light reds are based on what?

A

Pinot Noir with Gamay, CF and Cot (Malbec)

136
Q

Cheverny’s lean whites are dominated by what?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, with Sauvignon Gris, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc and Orbois

137
Q

The local Romorantin grape is bottled varietally as what?

A

Cour-Cheverny

138
Q

Cheverny’s Rosés are based on what?

A

Pinot Noir with Gamay, CF and Cot (Malbec)

139
Q

To the south of Cheverny is what AOP?

A

Valençay AOP, a French appellation for both wines and goats’ milk cheeses

140
Q

Reflecting the proximity of Reuilly and Quincy to the east, Valençay’s whites are what?

A

predominantly composed of Sauvignon Blanc

141
Q

Red and rosé wines from Valençay AOP are based on what?

A

Gamay, Pinot Noir, and Cot

142
Q

The Loire’s Central Vineyards are a noncontiguous stretch of vineyards where?

A

in the center of France, where the Loire curves from its northward path to bend toward the Atlantic

143
Q

Describe the climate of the Loire’s Central Vineyards

A

chiefly continental; cold winters and brisk days during harvest and budbreak bring the danger of frost and short summers do not assure easy ripening

144
Q

What AOPs straddle the river and provide the classic Loire style SB?

A

Sancerre AOP and Pouilly-Fumé AOP

145
Q

In Sancerre, the vines are planted on what 3 main soils?

A
  1. silex
  2. terres blanches
  3. caillottes
146
Q

Describe the Terres Blances soil of Sancerre

A

a continuation of the same Kimmeridgian clay that extends into Chablis

147
Q

Describe the caillottes soil of Sancerre

A

a stony soil, littered with fossils

148
Q

Describe the Silex soil

A

has a higher proportion of flint, continuing into the communes of Pouilly-Fumé across the river, where a certain “gunflint” character is implied in the wines

149
Q

The late Didier Dagueneau famously appropriated the Silex moniker for his what?

A

top Pouilly-Fumé bottling

150
Q

Whereas Pouilly-Fumé AOP wines must be white, Pinot Noir may be vinified as what?

A

Sancerre Rouge or Rosé

151
Q

The Pouilly-sur-Loire AOP, named after the central commune of Pouilly-Fumé, is reserved for what?

A

whites produced from the Chasselas grape

152
Q

Describe the wines of Menetou-Salon AOP

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir, similar to those of Sancerre

153
Q

Reuilly AOP, Quincy AOP, and Coteaux du Giennois AOP also produce what?

A

varietal Sauvignon Blanc

154
Q

Coteaux du Giennois produces reds and rosés obligatorily blended from what?

A

Pinot Noir and Gamay.

155
Q

Reuilly’s reds are pure __; whereas the best rosés are the pale vin gris wines produced from ___.

A

Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris

156
Q

Quincy, a white wine-only AOP, is notable for being what?

A

the 2nd demarcated AOP in France—following only Châteauneuf-du-Pape

157
Q

Where does Orléans AOP lie?

A

promoted from VDQS in 2006, lies just east of Touraine

158
Q

Orléans AOP blancs?

A

60% Chardonnay, plus Pinot Gris

159
Q

Orléans AOP Rosés?

A

Min. 60% Meunier, plus Pinot Noir and Pinot Gris

160
Q

Orléans AOP Rouge?

A

70-90% Meunier, plus Pinot Noir

161
Q

What is Orléans-Cléry AOP?

A

a sister AOP to Orléans, reserved soley for reds from CF

162
Q

Several other wine regions surround the Loire closer to its source, and have ___ with the other appellations.

A

little in common

163
Q

The red and rosé wines of Côtes du Forez AOP and Côte Roannaise AOP are exclusively produced from what?

A

Gamay and are similar to the lighter styles of Beaujolais

164
Q

Côtes du Forez AOP and Côte Roannaise AOP are much closer to what?

A

Lyon and Beaujolais than the Central Vineyards

165
Q

In the southwestern corner of the Cher département, the ___ AOP also produces reds and rosés, principally from Gamay.

A

Châteaumeillant

166
Q

What is produced in Côtes d’Auvergne AOP and St-Pourçain AOP?

A

Wines of all three colors

167
Q

Describe Côtes d’Auvergne AOP

A

the southernmost and most remote Loire region

168
Q

Describe St-Pourçain AOP

A

just to the north of Côtes d’Auvergne AOP, in the Allier département

169
Q

Saint-Pourçain is located literally where?

A

in the center of France

170
Q

Saint-Pourçain produces a range of wines but is best known for what?

A

white wines incorporating traditional Loire variety Tressalier

MONTH 4- Bordeaux, Loire Valley (7 decks)

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